Libmonster ID: KG-1304
Author(s) of the publication: M. I. AVTOKRATOVA

Almost every historian turns to archival sources. The success of his search largely depends on how much he is oriented in the archive's funds, knows their composition and content. This is also largely due to the researchers ' familiarity with the history of the archive, the principles of funding and systematization of its documents, and the features of the scientific reference apparatus. Historians, ethnographers, philologists, art historians, specialists in other fields of science and practice, students, and local historians are constantly engaged in the Central State Archive of Ancient Acts (TSGADA). Knowledge of the main stages in the formation of the archive, its collections, scientific reference apparatus-these are the guiding threads that can help researchers in the search for the necessary information in a huge mass of archival documents.

In July 1977, TSGADA turned 125 years old1 . It was formed from five independent pre-revolutionary archives, which after the Great October Socialist Revolution were united into a single repository of documents of the feudal era. The TSGADA is based on the Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Justice (MAMJ), which was created in 1852 to store materials from three archives that were attached to the Moscow departments of the Senate: the State Discharge Archive, the State Archive of Former Patrimonial Affairs, and the State Moscow Archive of Old Affairs .2 The MAMU kept documents of the oldest orders - Discharge, Printing, Siberian, Local, Little Russian, Preobrazhensky, documents of Patrimonial, Justice, Chamber, Audit colleges, a number of offices, chancelleries, as well as other central institutions of the XVIII century, liquidated in connection with the provincial reform of 1775. During the 19th century, the archive was supplemented with materials from the St. Petersburg and Moscow departments of the Senate, Lithuanian Metrica, as well as local institutions of the 17th and 18th centuries. (in connection with the judicial reform of 1864). By the beginning of the XX century, MAMU was the largest historical archive with a well-established set of documents that chronologically covered the period from the XIV to the XIX centuries and contained rich information on the economic, political and cultural history of Russia at that time .3
1 For the history of TSGADA, see: A.V. Chernov. Central State Archive of Ancient Acts as a source on the military history of the Russian State up to the XVIII century. "Trudy" Istoriko-archivnogo Instituta, vol. 4, 1948; his. To the history of the Local order (Internal structure of the order in the XVII century)." Trudy " MGIAI, vol. 9, 1957; Yu. F. Kononov. From the history of the organization and acquisition of the State Archive of the Russian Empire. "Trudy" MGIAI, vol. 8, 1957; S. O. Schmidt. The Tsarist Archive of the mid-16th century and the archives of government institutions (the experience of studying the inventory of the tsarist archive). Same place; same place. To the history of the Tsarist archive of the middle of the XVI century "Trudy" MGIAI, vol. 11, 1958; G. A. Dremina. Central State Archive of Ancient Acts of the USSR (on the history of the archive's formation). Ibid.; G. A. Dremina, A. V. Chernov. From the history of the Central State Archive of Ancient Acts of the USSR (State Ancient Repository of Charters and Manuscripts and the Moscow Archive of the College of Foreign Affairs). Moscow, 1959; G. A. Boguslavsky. From the history of the Armory Archive. "Historical Archive", 1959, N 2; M. N. Tikhomirov. The significance of TSGAD's documentary riches for Soviet historical science. "Archeographic yearbook for 1965", Moscow, 1966.

2 PSZ. T. XXVII, N 26423; TSGADA, f. 237, op. 1, d. 1, ll. 1-6.

3 See "Memorial Book" by MAMYU, Moscow, 1890.

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In 1886, the first special building 4 in Russia was built for MAMU, which was of no small importance for improving the storage conditions of materials concentrated in it. Headed by the historian N. V. Kalachov, and later by D. Ya. Samokvasov, MAMU was not only a repository of valuable documentary sources, but also a center of advanced scientific archival thought, which significantly distinguished it from the general "archival disorder"that then existed in Russia. Thus, unlike many other pre-revolutionary Russian archives, which used formal and logical collectible storage principles that made it difficult to search for documents, MAMU sought to preserve the fund-based system of document classification (according to complexes historically deposited in the activities of institutions). In the archive, work was carried out on the compilation of inventories and other reference books to documents, as well as their publication. Since 1869, collections of works "Description of documents and papers stored in the Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Justice" were published, where publications, inventories and reviews of documents were placed. A total of 21 volumes of "Descriptions"were published. They have not lost their reference value to date. The description of the Bit Order columns contained in the last 12 volumes is of the greatest informational value. In 1890, the archive published the first guidebook - "Memorial Book" of the Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Justice, containing brief information about the composition of documents.

After Great October, the Communist Party and the Soviet Government took measures to preserve historical archives. MAMIU was transferred to the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Justice 5 . In July 1918, the Moscow Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies issued the archive with a Security Certificate stating that in view of the archive's special importance "as a place of storing the most valuable scientific and historical property of the Russian People's Federal Republic", all its premises are under protection and are not subject to requisition and compaction. The Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the reorganization and centralization of archival affairs", signed on June 1, 1918 by V. I. Lenin, established the new political and organizational foundations of archival affairs in the country6 . United in the Unified State Archive Fund (EGAF), the archives became the public domain. The Moscow Archive of the People's Commissariat of Justice has compiled the Moscow branch of the EGAF legal section. Since that time, the archive has been concentrating complexes of historical documents and nationalized private collections separated into different repositories and turning it into the largest repository of written sources of the feudal era.

In 1920-1925, the archive was supplemented with materials from three other large archives that existed independently before 1918: the Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MGAMID), the State Archive of the Russian Empire (Gosarchiv), and the Moscow Palace Archive. They contained documents that are now the most ancient and especially valuable part of the TSGADA funds. The history of the formation of these three archives is also of considerable interest. MGAMID is based on the files of the oldest Russian order - the Embassy Order, which kept the remains of the feudal archives of the XIII-XIV centuries, the Moscow Grand ducal archive, and then the tsarist archive during the formation of the Russian centralized state .7 In the archive of the Embassy order, in addition to cases on foreign policy relations, there were state acts - the oldest charters, acts of approval of tsarist power, legal documents.-

4 The initiator and organizer of the construction was the archive manager N. V. Kalachov. The Moscow City Duma granted a plot of land for a two-story building on Devichy Pole with the condition that the new repository will contain documents of pre-reform city institutions in Moscow. For the end of the XIX century, the building of MAMU, designed by Academician of Architecture A. I. Tikhobrazov, was "the last word of construction archival technology" (I. L. Mayakovsky, N. V. Kalachov as an archivist (From the history of Russian archival studies, 1860-1880s). "Proceedings" of the Historical and Archival Institute, vol. 4. It now houses the TSGADA on B. Pirogovskaya Street in Moscow.

5 TSGADA, f. archives, 1918, 2, ll. 21-24.

6 " Collection of guiding materials on archival affairs (1917-June 1941)", Moscow, 1961, pp. 12-13.

7 See L. V., Cherepnin. Russkiye feudal'nye arkhivy XIV - XV veka [Russian Feudal Archives of the XIV-XV centuries], Part 1, Moscow, 1948. Spiritual and contractual charters of the Grand and appanage Dukes of the XIV-XVI centuries. Moscow-L. 1950.

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historical monuments and others. He was considered a courtier and was repeatedly described. The earliest extant copy is the inventory of the Tsarist Archive of the XVI century, preserved in a manuscript of the second half of the XVI century in the collection of the Manuscript Department of the State Public Library named after M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. The TSGADA has records of the cases of the Embassy Order of 16148 and 16269 . There is evidence that the description of the archive of the Embassy Order was also carried out in the second half of the XVII century and at the beginning of the XVIII century .10
In 1720, the affairs of the Embassy Order and the Embassy Chancellery, which emerged in 1709, were taken over by the Moscow Office of the Board of Foreign Affairs, which was created in connection with the formation of the collegiums. According to the decree of 1724, the "General Archive of Old State Affairs" was created to store the materials of the abolished Embassy order, the Embassy Chancellery and the affairs of the Moscow Office of the Board of Foreign Affairs. S. K. Bogoyavlensky believed that from this time the Moscow Archive of the Board of Foreign Affairs (MAKID)officially began11 . It contained documents of a diplomatic nature, formed in the course of the activity of the Embassy Order, on Russia's relations with European and eastern countries from the end of the XV century, as well as with non-Russian peoples who became part of Russia. Here were also the files of the orders of Smolensk, Litovsk, Little Russia, and quarters (financial orders) of Novgorod, Vladimir, Galich, and Ustyuzha, which were related to the Embassy Order by general office management and contained information on the socio - economic history of Russia in the XVI-XVII centuries.

In 1832, in connection with the transformation of the College of Foreign Affairs into a Ministry, the Moscow Archive of the College of Foreign Affairs received a new name - the Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MGAMID), under which it existed until 1918. The archive published sources on the history of Russia. Back in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a number of reviews were compiled and publications of diplomatic and other documents were prepared. Many of them were published as early as the 19th century12 . Great credit belongs here to the archivist historians G. F. Miller and N. N. Bantysh-Kamensky, who manage this archive, and later to A. F. Malinovsky, M. A. Obolensky, and S. V. Belokurov. The well-known educator N. I. Novikov, using the government's permission to "copy copies from ancient embassies" and" various rites "from the archive materials, placed several documents in the" Ancient Russian Library " 13 . Since 1811, the archive began to work with the "Commission for printing state letters and treaties", which already in 1813-1822.published three volumes of" Collection of state letters and treaties", which included the oldest letters and other materials related to both domestic and foreign policy history of Russia. The Commission existed at the archive during the 19th and early 20th centuries and produced a number of publishs14 that played a positive role in the development of historical science.

The classification and storage of materials in MGAMID was based on the formal and logical collection principle, without taking into account the historical affiliation of documents to certain fund-forming institutions. Thus, the materials of the Board of Foreign Affairs for Internal Management, including documents of quarters and other orders connected with the Embassy Order, were combined (without any division into the funds of institutions or their structural parts) into one large collection "Order files of old years"; in the same way

8 "Inventory of the Tsarist Archive of the XVI century and the archive of the Embassy Order of 1614", Moscow, 1960.

9 TSGADA, f. 138 (Cases on the Embassy order and those who served in it), op. 3, DD. 1, 2.

10 TSGADA, f. 15 (Diplomatic Department), 203a.

11 S. K. Bogoyavlensky. 200th anniversary of the former Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. "Archivnoe delo", vol. II, 1925, pp. 72-73.

12 See N. N. Bantysh-Kamensky. Review of external relations of Russia (to 1800). Ch. I-IV. M. 1894-1902.

13 For information about these publications, see: "State Ancient Repository of Charters and Manuscripts". Inventory of documentary materials of the Fund No. 135, Moscow, 1971, pp. 9-167.

14 "Collection of state documents and agreements stored in the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs". Hh. 1-5. M. 1813-1894.

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the collection "Prikaznye dela novoi razborki" was created; a number of thematic collections were formed, such as" Cases related to the formation of various state institutions"," Spiritual cases of foreign Confessions"," Investigative cases " and others that have survived to the present time. Since the creation of collections disrupted the historical relationships of documents, it is very difficult to find the necessary information in them15 .

During the 19th century, the composition of MGAMID documents changed little. In connection with the formation in 1853 of a special branch of the Armory Chamber - the "State Ancient Repository of Charters, Manuscripts and Seals", more than 800 ancient documents of the MGAMID were included there, which became the basis of the "Ancient Repository".16 In 1882, at the request of the director of MGAMID F. A. Buhler, the "Drevlekhranilishche" was transferred to MGAMID. It also received the original column of the "Cathedral Code" of 1649, which was kept in the archive of the Armory Chamber, in a silver-gilded ark specially made in 1762. During the perestroika of archival affairs after the October Revolution, the documents of MGAMID were included in the Section of Legislation, Supreme Administration and Foreign Policy of the EGAF, and then in the State Archive of the RSFSR.

The State Archive of the Russian Empire, established in 1834 for the storage of particularly important political and state affairs, is a large set of historical documents that are part of the TSGADA .17 Back in 1784, A. A. Bezborodko and I. A. Osterman put forward a project to establish a non-diplomatic department at the St. Petersburg Archive of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, where cases on the history of the House of Romanov were to be concentrated, as well as documents of liquidated higher government institutions and institutions of political investigation .18 At that time, this project was not implemented. However, already in 1801, the St. Petersburg archive of the CID began to receive documents of this kind. Here were transferred papers from the personal Cabinet of Catherine II, the archive of Chancellor A. A. Bezborodko, from the personal cabinets of Paul I and Alexander I and other representatives of the House of Romanov, the Cabinet of Peter I, documents of E.-I. Biron, B.-K. Minich, A. I. Osterman, G. A. Potemkin, P. I. and N. I. Panin, containing information about the most important events of public and state life of the XVIII century. Among these receipts, we should especially mention documents about the Peasant War under the leadership of E. I. Pugachev, including the investigative case of Pugachev from the Secret Expedition of the Senate, the cases of the Moscow, Kazan, Orenburg and Yaitsk investigative commissions over the participants of the movement. All these cases, because of their special importance, were kept in sealed bags. There were also documents on the actions of the punitive troops to suppress the uprising (from the archive of P. I. Panin) and other materials that are the largest and most valuable collection of sources related to the history of this Peasant War in our country.

The State Archive contained the files of the highest government institutions of Russia of the XVIII century - the Supreme Privy Council, the Cabinet of Ministers, the Conference at the Supreme Court, as well as institutions of political investigation of the XVII-XVIII centuries: the Order of Secret Affairs, the Secret Chancellery, the Preobrazhenskaya Chancellery, the Secret Expedition of the Senate 19 and others, containing a lot of factual material about the activities of these institutions to strengthen the autocratic-feudal power and suppress various anti-government protests. In particular, there were cases on the political trials of the XVIII century, including those of A. N. Radishchev, N. I. Novikov, F. V. Krechetov. In 1834, the repository formed in this way by personal order of the tsar became known as the St. Petersburg State Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 20 which was assigned in later literature to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.-

15 The division of materials into collections was mainly carried out at the end of the XVIII - beginning of the XIX century, that is, during the existence of the IACID. Already in the mid-19th century, MGAMID officials critically evaluated the system of storage of materials adopted by their predecessors.

16 TSGADA, f. 180 (MGAMID Office), op. 10, dd. 1,2, 13, etc.

17 For more information, see: Yu. F. Kononov. Edict op.

18 TSGADA, f. 31, d. 38.

19 Ibid., 1031, part 1.

30 Ibid., d. 38, ll. 10-11.

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the name of the State Archive of the Russian Empire was chosen (which in principle corresponds to the composition and content of its materials).

In the process of completing the State Archive, about 60 thousand cases were received from various repositories, reflecting various aspects of public and state life in Russia: class struggle, socio-economic issues, the history of science, culture, etc. 21. Among the 300 recorded receipts of the State Archive, along with the funds of institutions (for example, the papers of the Cabinet of Peter I), there were a significant number of individual parts of funds deposited in the course of the work of institutions, state and public figures. Therefore, from the very beginning, the issue of their systematization was of great importance. Archive officials, as well as earlier their Moscow colleagues, chose an erroneous way of creating collections from the point of view of modern archival science, as a result of which, as in MGAMID, historically established funds were mixed up and divided into 31 categories (departments), with a few exceptions. This makes it extremely difficult, and sometimes even hinders, to establish the origin of many documents, their belonging to a particular fundraiser - an institution or person. In 1864-1871, cases were described by category22, which received names based on the main topic of the documents contained in them: "Criminal cases on state crimes", "Internal Administration", "Finance", "Military Affairs", "Science, Literature, Art", etc.Some funds were not broken up and completely survived: The Cabinet of Peter I (category IX), the Order of Secret Affairs (category XXVII) and a few others.

In 1917, on the instructions of the Provisional Government, most of the State Archive was moved to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. The Soviet Government took measures to preserve this important historical archive. In 1919-1922, his materials were transported to Moscow and included in the MGAMID. In 1925 MGAMID and the State Archive were merged with the Moscow branch of the legal section of the EGAF and formed the "Drevlekhranilishche of the Moscow branch of the Central Historical Archive". As early as 1921, the Moscow branch of the Legal section of the EGAF included a set of documents from the former Moscow Palace Archive, founded in 1869 under the name "Moscow Branch of the General Archive of the Ministry of the Imperial Court" for storing the funds of palace institutions that were located in Moscow before 1800 - the archive of the Armory Chamber 23 and the Moscow Palace Office. The archive of the Armory Chamber contained documents of ancient Moscow orders - the State Order, which was in charge of the royal treasury from the XVI century to the beginning of the XVIII century, the Order of the Gold and Silver business, the Order of the Grand Palace, which was subordinate to the palace volosts, the Armory Chamber itself, etc. At the beginning of the XX century, the Moscow Palace Archive was a large repository of documents - columns, books, cases on the history of palace economy and everyday life, the socio-economic situation of palace peasants, the organization of crafts from the XVI century, the history of science, culture, painting, architecture, theater. It was located in the Trinity Tower of the Moscow Kremlin.

The systematization of materials in the Moscow Palace Archive and the organization of their storage were also based on the collection principle. In 1867, G. V. Esipov 24 completed the inventory of the collection and archive of the Armory Chamber. Another official of the archive, A. E. Viktorov, prepared and published a "Description of notebooks of old palace orders" during 1877-1883, which was continued by A. I. Uspensky. All these inventories have retained their reference value to date. After the October Revolution, the Moscow Palace Archive was transferred to the First section of the EGAF and in 1921 it was moved to the MAMU building. During 1919-1925, the nationalized patrimonial, ancestral, and personal archives of the Sheremetevs, Vorontsovs, Stroganovs, Demidovs, Yusupovs, and others came here, and in 1926-1930 - the funds of the largest monasteries in the XV - early XX centuries. In 1931, " Drevlekhranilishche of the Moscow branch of the Central IS-

21 Yu. F. Kononov. Op. ed., p. 346.

22 From the report on the work of the State Archive for 1871: TSGADA. f. 31, d. 1202.

23 For more information about the Armory archive, see: G. A. Boguslavsky. Edict op.

24 Since 1869 - Director of the Moscow Palace Archive.

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It was transformed into an independent State Archive of the Feudal-feudal era (GAFKE).

The last major addition to the archive took place in 1938-1940, when the fifth set of documents - the Central Land Survey Archive, which had existed independently since 176825-was included in its structure. It contained clerical and cartographic documents on the history of land surveying in Russia for the XVIII-XIX centuries, equipped with a good scientific reference apparatus. It is in the materials of this archive that the "Economic Notes to the General Survey" on counties from 1778 to 1843 are found, containing those detailed information on the history, economy, and geography of populated places - villages, villages, and cities-that are now so widely used by historians .26 Finally, in 1941, the Regulations on the State Archive Fund of the USSR were approved, according to which the archive became known as the Central State Archive of Ancient Acts.

Soviet historians and archivists received a disordered documentary legacy from their pre-revolutionary predecessors. Thus, many funds of the MAMU (in particular, local institutions of the XVII-XVIII centuries - clerical huts, voivodeship and provincial chancelleries, etc.), some central institutions of the XVIII century were not described or had unsatisfactory delivery inventories; documents were stored in bundles without proper accounting; many materials were in a state of scattering; tens of thousands of columns of the XVII-XVIII centuries. they were not deployed, and therefore could not be used. Nationalized family funds, as well as many funds of monasteries, did not have a scientific reference apparatus. In the 1920s and 1930s, the archive staff did a lot of work on disassembling, putting materials in order and describing them, setting up their accounting and organizing their use. This work was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War. The most valuable part of the TSGAD materials was evacuated, and then returned to Moscow in 1943-1944. It took a lot of effort to restore the broken order of storage of materials, their rational placement, restoration, disinfection. At the same time, inventories of unprocessed funds continued to be compiled. In 1946-1952 alone, the archive staff put about 2 million cases in boxes, organized the restoration of more than 1.5 million sheets of documents, and described about 300 thousand cases. Already in 1946-1947, two volumes of the TSGADA guidebook were published, prepared by a team of authors under the direction of V. N. Shumilov (work on the guidebook, which began before the war, did not stop even during the evacuation of part of the archive).

The archive profile was also updated. In the 1940s and 1950s, the regional state archives of the RSFSR received collections of local institutions created under the administrative reforms of 1775 and 1779; the Archive of Foreign Policy of Russia of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs - materials of the Foreign Affairs Board from 1720; the Central State Archive of the USSR-materials of the Senate for the XIX century; the former Central State Library of the USSR Materials of the Winter Palace Library ( now part of the Central State Academy of Fine Arts of the USSR); some personal collections are in the Central State Academy of Fine Arts of the USSR and the Central State Academy of Fine Arts of the USSR. At present, the TSGADA consists of documents reflecting the history of Russia since ancient times and formed in the course of the activities of: a) institutions of the supreme and central administration of the Russian state and the Russian Empire up to the administrative reforms of the late XVIII-early XIX centuries, with the exception of documents of colleges-Foreign, Military and Admiraltey 27; b) institutions of local self-government administrative divisions of the Russian State and the Russian Empire, which existed on the modern territory of the RSFSR and were abolished under the administrative reforms of 1775-1779. c) central land surveying institutions of Russia of the XVIII, XIX and early XX centuries, which carried out general and special land surveying: d) state and public figures, scientists and cultural figures of Russia before the beginning of the XIX century (excluding literary and artistic figures). The archive contains historical collections of written monuments of the isto-

25 V. Gerasimyuk. A brief historical sketch of the Central Land Survey Archive. 1768-1938 "Archivnoe delo", 1939, No. 51.

26 See, for example, L. V. Milov. Research on "Economic Notes to the General Land Survey", Moscow, 1965.

27 These documents are stored in the AVPR of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Central State Agency of the USSR and the Central State Administration of the Navy of the USSR, respectively,

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Russian and other peoples of the feudal period who inhabited Russia; documentary materials of local, patrimonial, and monastic archives of national significance. Currently, the TSGADA contains more than 3 million cases from the XI century to 1917, and it is the main source base for the development of issues of national history of the feudal period and an important repository of documents on the history of capitalism. In terms of the value of the documents it contains, the archive is one of the outstanding treasures of world culture .28
The real wealth of the archive is a unique collection of monuments of official writing of the XIII - XV centuries and documents of state institutions of Russia of the XVI-XVIII centuries, which allows you to trace the events of domestic and foreign policy life, the process of forming the Russian centralized state, the development of the economy, culture, socio-economic relations, etc.XV centuries, the earliest of which is the treaty charter of Novgorod the Great with the great Princes of Vladimir and Tver Yaroslav Yaroslavich (brother of Alexander Nevsky) in 126429 . Of great scientific and historical interest and unique artistic value is the awarded diploma of Grand Duke Oleg Ivanovich of Ryazan in 1372. Olgov monastery in the village of Arestovskoe. This is the only princely charter for the XIV-XV centuries, decorated with colored facial miniatures.

As part of the remains of the Moscow Grand Ducal Archive, the original spiritual letters (wills) of the church have survived to our time. Princes of Moscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita (1339), Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy (1389) - with the personal silver seal of the prince, other princes, letters of grant to the land, crucifixion and commission records for loyalty and other unique historical sources of the XIV-XVI centuries. A significant part of these documents is concentrated in the Drevlekhranilishche collection. There are also unique legislative monuments of the XI-XVII centuries: "Russkaya Pravda" in the list of the XIV century (from the library of A. I. Musin-Pushkin); the only known list of the beginning of the XVI century. "Sudebnik" of Ivan III in 1497 - the first code of feudal law of the Russian centralized state, discovered in 1817 by N. V. Stroyev in the library of A. I. Musin-Pushkin. meeting of the New Jerusalem Resurrection Monastery. It also contains one of the earliest lists of the early XVII century "Sudebnik" of 1550, as well as the original column of the "Cathedral Code" of 1649, 309 m long, with the signatures of 315 members of the Zemsky Sobor.

Documents on the socio-economic history of Russia of the XVI-XIX centuries are widely presented in the TSGADA. Scribal, census, sentinel, land survey books of the XVI-XVII centuries from the fund of the Local Order contain information on the history of land ownership in 52 cities (and counties) of Russia from the XVI century to 1719; chartered, tarkhannye, non-judicial charters of the XIV-XVII centuries from the collection of "Charters of the College of Economy", from the funds of monasteries, fiefdoms, etc. other collections of the archive; materials of orders on the history of the peasantry and feudal land ownership in the XVI-XVII centuries; documents of censuses of the XVIII century. (voivodeship and landrat population censuses of cities and counties of 1705-1718 and revision tales of the first three audits of the population of Russia from 1719 to 1765); documents from the funds of the Senate, the Patrimonial Board, and other central and local institutions; local patrimonial funds of the Sheremetevs, Stroganovs, Demidovs, Shcherbatovs, Vorontsov, Shuvalov, Gagarin and others. other large feudal lords contain valuable information on the history of serfdom and land ownership, on the situation of peasants, serfs and household people.

Among the important sources of socio-economic history are bonded books describing the process of enslavement (enslavement) of free people. TSGADA houses the most valuable complex of Novgorod bonded books of the late XVI-XVII centuries. Here is an excerpt from the list of one of the servile cabals of 1648: "See Nikula Leontyev, the son of Ogorodnik, a Novgorodian, gave esmi a record by a Novgorod guest to Semyon and Ivan Ivanovich Stoyanov that I, Pikula, have to pay them a bonded and non-bonded debt of fifty rubles and I, Nikula, that my debt-

28 For the significance of TSGAD's documentary riches for Soviet historical science, see: M. N. Tikhomirov. Edict op.

29 L. V. Cherepnin in his book "Russian feudal Archives of the XIV - XV centuries" (part I, pp. 254-262) dates this charter to 1262-1263.

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gu fifty rubles to pay them nechim, and I, Nowhere, for that debt... I gave it to them, a Novgorod guest... in the yard of their children, their son Senka, and another little boy in another year, Ivashka, and their three daughters: Natalka, and Oksana, and Ovdotyitsa; to serve them, all my children, in their yard until they die, and to do all the work they can make them do, and to be them, my children with them It is free for them, Semyon Ivanovich and Ivan Ivanovich, to humble those children of mine with all humility for their guilt, and to take them away from all harm... And I have to give my children water and food, dress and shoe nechim... " 30 .

The TSGADA documents contain information on the socio-economic development of Russian districts, cities, and villages, as well as the first references to populated areas. The same information, in addition to the funds of the Local Order, "Drevlekhranilishcha", "Charters of the College of Economy", is contained in the funds of the Siberian, Discharge, Embassy orders, Novgorod, Ustyug, Vladimir, Galich quarters and other Moscow orders that were responsible for various branches of public administration in the XYI-beginning of the XVIII century. In the collections of central institutions, especially orders, a large number of documents of local institutions sent for the report have been preserved. Therefore, we find here census books of the draught population, parish and expenditure books of ordered huts, estimated and marked voivodeship lists, dues, salary and parish books, painted voivodeship lists and other important sources on local history.

As an example, we will give an excerpt from the "List of Paintings of Smolensk for the reception of voivode Prince B. F. Dolgoruky from Voivode I. I. Golovin", compiled in March 1694. According to it, one can judge the nature of the information contained in such sources: "Stolnik and voivode Prince Boris Fedorovich Dolgorukoi received from the okolnichy and voivode Ivan Ivanovich Golovin and his comrades in the city of Smolensk in the Order box... the seal of the grand sovereigns of the principality of Smolensk and the keys of the city, and the lists of the Smolensk rank of general, and colonel, and the Smolensk gentry, and the initial of all ranks of people, and smolnyanom city, and reitarom, and soldier, and strelts, and gunners, and philistines, and all ranks of zhiletsky people; and the books of arrival and roskhodnye... money treasury and grain supply, and salt, and all sorts of cannon supplies and the money treasury; and great sovereigns decree letters about all their, sovereign and petitioners 'affairs and all sorts of orders petitioners' court cases completed and unsolicited; and in the city of Smolensk and in cannon anbarkhs attire, and in state cellars grain and lead and all sorts of things. cannon supplies, and in anbarkh the same Reitar and streltsy rifles and any military formation; and there are grain stores in the granaries, spare salt in the salt anbarkhs, and all sorts of forest supplies for urban affairs, and what is customary is written in this list. The city of Smolensk, and what is the height and thickness of the city wall, and what are the passing gates and blind towers and other fortresses in the city; and what is the measure of the tower, and what is the measure of the city wall from tower to tower, and how many fathoms of the earthen rampart; and what is the moat around the city, and what is the depth and width of the moat and what are the caches and wells in the city, and that is written in the previous painted lists. Great sovereigns and tsars and Grand Dukes John Alekseevich, Peter Alekseevich... seals of the Smolensk Fatherland in kavcheg... And that ark is in a box, and the box is covered in red leather with slotted iron... Two printed books, one the Cathedral Code, and the other the helmsman; two red scarlet cloth, the third red ham cloth, which covers the table; two inkwells with sandboxes...". Further, on 309 sheets, a description of the accepted city is given, including a detailed inventory of the archive of the order hut, and other interesting information is given 31 .

TSGADA has a complex of sources describing the origin and development of capitalist relations in Russia, the state of industry and trade in the XVII-XIX centuries, as well as the trade policy of the Russian government in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Numerous information on this important issue is contained in the funds of the Cabinet of Peter I, the Senate, the Berg, Manufactory, Chamber and Commercial Colleges, the Chief Magistrate, customs, in the personal funds of the Demidovs, Stroganovs, Gagarins, Sheremetevs and other major noble families who owned factories and mines throughout Russia.

30 TSGADA, f. 137, Novgorod, 1647, book 35, ll. 40-43 vol.

31 Ibid., f. 145, op. 1, book 36, ll. 1-309.

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Of particular value are the documents of the Central State Duma on the situation of the working masses, their resistance to all forms of feudal and capitalist oppression. The archive contains the bulk of documents on the history of peasant wars under the leadership of I. I. Bolotnikov, S. T. Razin, K. A. Bulavin, E. I. Pugachev, on urban uprisings of the XVII century, on anti-feudal actions of workmen in state and private-owned factories and mines, on other class actions of the XVIII-XIX centuries. These documents are in the files of the Discharge, Preobrazhensky and other orders, the Senate, the Berg Collegium, the Cabinet of Peter I, the Order of Secret Affairs, the Secret Chancellery, the Secret Expedition of the Senate, the Kazan and Orenburg investigative commissions in the case of E. I. Pugachev, in personal, monastic and local patrimonial funds, in the files of local institutions-orders huts, voivodeship and provincial chancelleries. Thus, the materials of the Orenburg investigative Commission in the Pugachev case (in particular, in the interrogations of his associates) contain interesting information describing the personal qualities of the leader of the Peasant War: Pugachev "at any time when he went out to battle or had to be where he was, he put on a simple Cossack dress... and because of his fearlessness, he was always ahead and set an example to others; he also knew correctly how to shoot with cannons and other guns, and always pointed out to the gunners themselves, who were all Russian soldiers and Cossacks. " 32
Documents issued from among the rebels have a unique meaning: such, for example, as the manifestos and decrees of Pugachev, his Military Collegium and associates, the "charming" letters of I. I. Bolotnikov and S. T. Razin, reflecting the worldview of participants in peasant wars. Here is the text of the only surviving "charming" letter from Razin to the people: "Letter from Stepan Timofeyevich from Razin. Stepan Timofeyevich writes to you from all the rabble. Whoever wants to serve God and the emperor, and the great army, and Stepan Timofeyevich, and I have sent out the Cossacks. And you should bring out traitors for one thing and bring out worldly kravopivtsy. And my Cossacks will fix some trade and you should go to their council, and the enslaved and disgraced would go to the regiment to my Cossacks. " 33
TSGADA contains a large set of materials about Russia's relations with other countries in the XV-XVIII centuries. The bulk of the archive's diplomatic documents are located in the Embassy Order collection. They testify to Russia's extensive international relations in the 17th and early 18th centuries with European countries: England, Austria, Spain, France, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, with Italian states, German cities and lands, as well as with Iran, Turkey, China and a number of other states .34 Article lists (reports) of ambassadors on trips with diplomatic missions to foreign countries are extremely interesting documents in content, form and color, which, in addition to the official results of the embassy, set out information about the domestic and foreign policy of states, travel impressions, etc. Here is how P. I. Potemkin, who headed the Russian embassy to Spain and France in 1667-1669, wrote down one of his impressions about the French people and Paris: "People in the French state are humane and are careful about all sciences, both philosophical and chivalrous. And from other countries to the French land, to the city of Paris and to other cities come for the science of philosophy and for the teaching of the military system of the royal noble and all sorts of ranks of people, because the city of Paris is great and populous and rich and there are immeasurably many schools in it. There are a thousand students of thirty or more in Paris. " 35
In the archive's collections, you can find valuable information on the history of the peoples that at various times became part of Russia. Here are documents about the struggle of the Ukrainian people for their independence in the XVII century. and on the reunification of Ukraine with Russia in 1654; on the Bashkir uprisings of the XVII-XVIII centuries; materials on the history of the peoples of Kazakhstan, Siberia, and the Caucasus. The archive contains a handwritten letter from Bohdan Khmelnitsky to Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich dated June 8, 1648 about the desire of the Ukrainian people to reunite-

32 From the testimony of the secretary of the Insurgent Military Collegium, M. D. Gorshkov (ibid., f. 6, d. 508, part II, l. 92 vol.).

33 Ibid., f. 210, Belgorod table, p. 687.

34 See N. N. Bantysh-Kamensky. Edict op.

35 TSGADA, f. 93, op. 1, kn. 5, ll. 476 vol. - 477,

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fight with Russia 36 . Materials from the collections of the Siberian Prikaz, the Yakut Prikaznaya Izba, and expeditions of the Academy of Sciences of the XVIII century from the funds of the Senate and the State Archive are in some cases the only sources on the history of peoples who did not have their own written language before. The archive documents allow us to trace the history of the state apparatus of Russia from the XVI to the end of the XVIII century. They clearly show the basic function of the state as a machine "for maintaining the dominance of one class over another" 37 .

The archive contains documents reflecting the activities of Peter I on the transformation of the state apparatus of Russia - his decrees, orders, notes, letters. "Those who reside in the Senate, Synod, collegia, chancelleries, and all the places of judgment of the entire state," says one of Peter's personal decrees of January 22, 1724, " should be aware of all the state statutes and their importance, as the first and main thing, and the right and non-arbitrary administration of all affairs depends on them. And to each one, in order to maintain his honor and to be convinced from falling by ignorance into error and into punishment, he must. And that in future no one, ignorant of the state statutes, should dissuade them, as some of the Senate did last year, 1722, on the 31st day of October, in the Senate in the Shafirov case, that they were ignorant of our decree, which the chief prosecutor read to them at that time, but they did not heed and committed a contradiction in the Senate, who were not helped by that ignorance, but were fined with taking away their ranks for a while and arrest and dengs. And for this purpose, from now on, if any decree is mentioned in any case, and anyone at that time does not take up that decree and ignores it, but becomes ignorant after the dissuader, such people should be punished: for the first time by taking away their rank for a time and fining a year's salary; in another row, by a third share of all movable and immovable for the third time, the deprivation of the entire estate and rank altogether " 38 .

And here is one of the earliest letters of Peter I, written on August 14, 1693 from Arkhangelsk, where he went on business related to the construction of the fleet: "To my Sovereign mother, Tsarina Natalia Kirillovna. You have deigned to write to me with Vassily Soymonov, saying that I have grieved you, madam, because I did not write you back about my arrival; and I cannot really write you back now; because I am waiting for ships; and no one knows what they will be like, but they are waiting for you soon, because they are no longer waiting for you. We have three weeks ' leave from Amsterdam; and when they come, and I have found what I need, I will go at that hour, day and night. Yes, I ask for a single favor: why do you deign to grieve for me? You have deigned to write that you have delivered me over to the flock of the mother of God: and you have such a shepherd, why should I grieve? I am one by my prayers of intercession, but the Lord also preserves the world. For this, I ask your blessing. Unworthy Parsley " 39 .

Archive materials also characterize the activities of the highest state institution of Russia in the XVIII century - the Senate. Here is a document reflecting the decline in the prestige of this body under Anna Ivanovna: an entry made in one of the affairs of the Cabinet of H. I. V.: "1738 December 11 days call to the Cabinet of H. I. V. Senatskaya Chief Prosecutor Soymonov, who is informed that her Imperial Majesty knows that gentlemen senators in their presence in the governing Senate they don't sit properly, and when they read cases, they don't pay attention to them, because they have particular conversations among themselves, and at the same time they fix shouts and noises. And then they tell those cases to read again, which is why in cases the continuation and stop is repaired. So they come to the Senate late and do not listen to business, but they eat dry snacks, pretzels and grouse, and they do not sit out the index hours. But Chief Prosecutor Soymonov does not forbid them from doing so because of his position, and if any of the senators did not listen to Evo's proposals, he does not protest against them. It was for this reason that her Imperial Majesty ordered him to declare it with anger, and that in the future he would not miss anyone in that, but he would have work and joy in correcting matters as soon as possible. And if any of the senators were to fix something that was repugnant, they would protest and write it down in a journal and report it to her Imperial Majesty with all due authority. " 40
36 Ibid., f. 124, d. 28, ll. 1-2.

37 V. I. Lenin. PSS. Vol. 39, p. 73.

38 TSGADA, f. 1451, op. 1, book 18, ll. 81-81 vol.

39 Ibid., f. 4, d. 1, l. 3.

40 Ibid., f. 248, op. 35, kn. 2176, ll. 53-53 vol.

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TSGADA's sources on the history of socio-political thought, science, literature, art, and enlightenment in Russia from the XI to the XIX centuries are concentrated in the manuscript collections of MGAMID, Synodal Printing House 41 , and Moscow State University. A. Obolensky, F. F. Mazurin and others, in the collections of the Armory Chamber, the Order of Printing, the Senate, palace institutions, in the collections of the State Archive, "Orders of old years", etc. and they characterize the history of the origin and development of the centuries-old culture of the Russian and other peoples of our country. The archive contains one of the most valuable collections of monuments of ancient Russian writing and literature in the country. The oldest among the handwritten books of TSGAD and one of the most ancient in the country is the well - known "Savva's Book": a gospel rewritten in the early XI century by Priest Savva, who left his autograph on the margins of the parchment manuscript - "Priest Savva wrote". Sylvester's collection of lives of the 14th century, which contains one of the earliest lists of "Tales of Boris and Gleb" with 46 color miniatures, is widely known. There are also many Russian chronicles in the lists of the XV-XVIII centuries, including one of the earliest chronicles-the Sofia first chronicle in the list of the XV century, the most complete list of the Nikon chronicle from the Obolensky collection in the list of the XVII century, containing the first mention of Moscow under 1147. The second Sofia Chronicle of the XVI century contains the text of the famous" Journey across the Three Seas " to India by the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin.

The MSAMID manuscript collection contains a rare handwritten copy of the 16th-century Cosmography by the German geographer G. Mercator, translated into Russian in 1637 by Bogdan Lykov, a translator of the Embassy Order, and his "comrade" Ivan Dorn. In another collection - "Prikaznykh delakh starykh let" - there are two petitions of Bogdan Lykov, submitted to the tsar during the period of work on the translation. In the first of them, saying that he is at the "state affairs", "at the translation of the book Latin complete Cosmographies", Lykov asks for a salary, since there is no "estate" or "patrimony" for him, and he has nothing to eat with. The tsar "granted" him, gave him "two altyns a day's feed". In another petition Lykov writes: "By your sovereign decree, I, your serf, am translating the book of Latin Cosmography with Ivan Dorn, and that Ivan Dorn is standing on the Novgorodsky farmstead, and I, your serf, am standing outside the Tver Gate in Tonoy Sloboda, and I, your serf, to that Ivan Dorn for your sovereign's business to wander early and late is far and terrible"and he asks me to give him a "courtyard" in Kitay-gorod, "so that your sovereign cause will not be in my distant brodny-kotny." Apparently, attaching great importance to the work of translating Cosmography, the tsar ordered Lykov to be given a "stay" in Kitay-Gorod.

Valuable documents on the history of Russian culture are available in the personal collections of the TSGADA, where in recent years scientists and archive staff have found many interesting documents. Thus, the discovery in 1970 by I. M. Obodovskaya and M. A. Dementiev in the Goncharov Foundation of a previously unknown 1833 letter from A. S. Pushkin to D. N. Goncharov, as well as their research work on identifying, translating from French, and publishing letters from the Goncharov sisters, including N. N. Pushkin, received a great public response They gave a new light to the image of the great poet's wife and provided much previously unknown information about the life of the Pushkin family in St. Petersburg. In 1976, in the Musin-Pushkin Foundation, a researcher at the TSGADA, A.V. Mashtafarov, discovered a very interesting but forgotten document-the memoirs of S. V. Meshcherskaya, the granddaughter (on her mother's side) of the famous manuscript collector A. I. Musin-Pushkin. This small notebook in a blue cover (20 l.) contains memories of Musin-Pushkin and his large family, and most importantly-the family legend that the original "Words about Igor's Regiment" did not die in the Moscow fire of 1812. Here is what Meshcherskaya writes about this: "The year 1812 was approaching and had an alarming effect on everyone; when leaving for the Yaroslavl estate for the summer, when the invasion of Napoleon's hordes into Russia was already foreseen, but the defeat of Moscow still seemed impossible, the count, as a precaution, removed his precious collections and

41 Manuscript collections of MGAMID and the Synodal Printing House began to take shape in the mid-17th century, the first under the Embassy Order, the second at the Moscow Printing Court. The manuscript collection of the Synodal Printing House is one of the largest in the country in terms of the number of Old Russian parchment books of the XI-XV centuries contained in it.

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manuscripts in the storerooms (meaning the Musin-Pushkin house in Moscow on Razgulyai. - M. L.). They were located in a vaulted basement, and by order of the count, the entrance to them was walled up. When the enemy was already advancing behind our retreating troops, the count sent carts to remove all that was possible from the house: paintings were taken out of their frames and rolled up; silver and marble statues were laid; many good things, but also many without any price, were transported to the village. They didn't dare touch the locked storerooms. Several families of household people stayed at the house. When the French entered Moscow, many of them were placed in the Pushkin House and fraternized with the count's people. Once when drunk, the French bragged about their guns. "Whether our count has them is much better!" "Yes, right here, behind the wall." The wall was breached and everything was looted, and later completely destroyed in a fire. Some manuscripts, such as the original "The Tale of Igor's Regiment" and part of the Nestorian Chronicle, were saved from destruction by the fact that they were at that time in the possession of the historiographer Karamzin. " 42 Meshcherskaya's memoirs were published in Tver in 1902 (Meshcherskaya was the wife of the leader of the nobility of the Tver province, Prince B. V. Meshchersky). For some reason, in later works on the Word, Meshcherskaya's diary did not become the subject of detailed study, and there are no references to it in the literature. Meanwhile, this document deserves the closest attention of specialists.

The manuscript collections include Russian and translated secular literature of the XVI-XVII centuries, folklore. Among the sources of this period of special interest are the journalistic works of Kn. A. Kurbsky, I. Peresvetov, A. Palitsyn, Yu. Krizhanich, S. Polotsky. The culture of the 18th century is even more widely represented, including documents about the famous Russian enlightener N. I. Novikov and the revolutionary writer A. N. Radishchev (in particular, a unique censored copy of the manuscript "Travels from St. Petersburg to Moscow" with the remarks of Catherine II). There are preserved materials about the activities of M. V. Lomonosov, V. N. Tatishchev, I. A. Kulibin, S. P. Krasheninnikov, I. I. Lepekhin, L. Karavakka, I. P. Argunov, M. G. Zemtsov, V. V. Rastrelli, V. I. Bazhenov, D. V. Ukhtomsky, F. G. Volkov; about the state of public education and education, the foundation of the Russian Academy of Sciences. and the activities of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, the Academy of Sciences, and Moscow University. There are various types of documents that reflect all the changes in office management and the development of writing in Russia over many centuries. These are columns, letters, books, and files used for office management in Russia in the XVI-XIX centuries. They allow us to trace the development of the main forms of Russian writing: charter, semi-statute, cursive, clerical handwriting of the XVIII-XIX centuries. A significant number of documents are written in foreign languages.

The TSGADA Library (archive of rare and old printed publications) is one of the oldest in the country. It contains about 200 thousand volumes of books and sets of periodicals, a significant part of which are old printed and rare books of the XV-XVIII centuries in many languages of the world on history, medicine, natural science, philosophy, military affairs and other branches of knowledge. The TSGADA library includes three major book collections that were formed at MGAMID, MAMYU and the Synodal Printing House. The MGAMID Library was created about 300 years ago under the Embassy Order 43 . Books for him were purchased during foreign trips of Russian diplomats, received from government agencies, scientific societies and individuals. Large collections of books were included in the library during the confiscation of the property of Princes Dolgoruky, A. I. Osterman, A. P. Volynsky and other prominent statesmen during the palace coups of the XVIII century who fell out of favor. In 1782, the library was expanded with a valuable collection of books by G. F. Miller. Among the rare publications of the XVIII century are the works of M. V. Lomonosov "Polydor" (St. Petersburg, 1763), "News of the Russian mineralogy being Composed" (St. Petersburg, 1763), "A Word of Praise to Peter the Great" (St. Petersburg, 1754), which are preserved in the TSGADA library in a single copy and are the greatest bibliographic editorship-

42 TSGADA, f. 1270, op. 1. d. 40, p. 8-9.

43 S. R. Dolgova. The oldest book depository in the country (to the history of the MGAMID book collection). "Soviet archives", 1971, N 6, pp. 32-37.

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with a bone. Of particular interest is the unique collection of rare books by the famous Moscow collector F. F. Mazurin, which came to MGAMID under the will after the owner's death in 1899. It contains such book rarities as the confiscated edition of the book of the Decembrist Nikolai Bestuzhev "Experience in the History of the Russian Fleet "(St. Petersburg, 1822), a rare edition of the book by A. N. Radishchev "The Life of Fyodor Vasilyevich Ushakov" (St. Petersburg, 1789).

Currently, rare Russian books from the collection of the Embassy Order are allocated to a special collection. In the process of its description, more than 150 rare books were identified, including those by M. V. Lomonosov and N. I. Novikov, whose publications have been preserved in a single copy and are not available in other book repositories of the USSR. In 1934, the TSGADA library included the book collection of the library of the Moscow Synodal Printing House, whose history is connected with the beginning of printing in Russia, with the Moscow Printing Yard, with the name of the first printer Ivan Fedorov. This collection is based on the book collection of the Moscow Printing Yard (established in 1553) and the Moscow Synodal Printing House, which replaced it in 1722. Books and manuscripts needed for the work were collected in the book depository of the printing house. The printing house was engaged not only in copying, but also in correcting, translating, and even composing books. Therefore, one of the attractions of the printing library is the presence of a large number of proof copies. It contains, for example, "A book about the methods that create the free flow of rivers" (M. 1708)," Geography or a brief description of the Earth's circle "(M. 1710)," The Book of Mars " (St. Petersburg, 1713) and many others.

The library's collection of Old Slavic printed books is remarkable in its composition. It includes publications published by almost all medieval Slavic printing houses: the Slavonic Horologian and the Lenten Triodion, published by Schweipol Thom Feol (Cracow, 1491), The Bible by Dr. Francysk Skaryna (1517-1519), books from the printing house of the first printer Ivan Fyodorov, including a unique copy The "Apostle" of 1564 with the earliest known ownership record, the "Gospel" printed in the so-called Anonymous Printing House in Moscow before 1563, etc. In the same collection there are the first secular books published in Russia: "The Alphabet of the Slavic language", published by Vasily Burtsev (M. 1634)," Slavic Grammar " by Meleti Smotritsky (Vilna. 1619 and M. 1648), "The doctrine and cunning of the military system of infantry people" (M. 1647), "Arithmetic" by Leonty Magnitsky (M. 1703).

One of the largest departments of the TSGADA library is the main collection of Russian books, which was formed from the former library of the MAMU (established in 1865). It contains works of noble-bourgeois historians of the XVIII-XIX centuries, works of Soviet historians, materials of archival, archeographic and other commissions, geographical, linguistic and other dictionaries. In the periodicals department, the collections of the first Russian newspaper Vedomosti (1706-1727) are of particular value.Currently, the library is being updated with literature on various branches of knowledge of the feudal period. In recent years, work has been carried out to identify rare publications of the XVIII century, information about which is included in the sixth volume of the "Consolidated Catalog of the Russian Civil Press Book of the XVIII century"44 . The library collection of the archive is a valuable addition to its documentary materials, with which it is closely related in origin and subject matter.

TSGADA is one of the non-publishing archives with a well-established set of documents. However, in accordance with the profile of his materials, some funds were received in the archive in the 60s and early 70s: a collection of Peter I's personal decrees from the Central State Academy of Fine Arts of the USSR, funds of the Manufactory and Commercial College, the Medical Office and College (which existed since 1763), the Commission on Commerce; from the Central State Academy of Fine Arts of the USSR - collection of handwritten books of the XVI-XVIII centuries; from the Leningrad State Historical Regional Archive-the fund of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery; from the Vladimir Regional Archive-a large addition to the Vorontsov fund, etc. Microfilms were obtained from foreign archives for mutual cultural exchange

44 " Consolidated catalog of the Russian Civil Press book of the XVIII century. 1725-1800 gg.", Moscow, 1976.

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documents on the history of Russia of the XVI-XVIII centuries: from the State Archive of Denmark, a number of archives in Finland, the Main State Archive in Dusseldorf, the National Archive of France (a gift from the Director General of the National Archive J. Favier to the Main Archive of the USSR) , etc. Of course, there may also be some new material additions in the future.

The key to the successful use of documents from any archive is a scientific reference device for its funds. A system of reference books of various forms and purposes ensures the recording of cases and the search for necessary information in it. As a result of the long-term work of several generations of Soviet archivists on putting in order and describing the collections, descriptive works of our predecessors in the pre-revolutionary archives, to date, the TSGADA has developed a certain system of scientific reference apparatus, including a) reference books that generally guide the composition and content of the archive's funds, which include: guidebook 45 ,guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, guide 45, card catalog of funds and fund inclusions, directory of inventories and funds of local institutions of the XVII-XVIII centuries, inventory registers," Memorial book " of the National Library of Ukraine; b) thematic reference books that concentrate information on individual issues, local or broader topics and problems; reviews, including published publications ; subject-thematic and personal catalogs c) reference books to funds and collections, as well as complexes of funds - inventories, descriptions, reviews, indexes, some of which have been published 47 .

It would seem that such a system of reference books should provide a comprehensive and fairly reliable search for information in the archive's collections. However, the links of this system currently have a number of significant drawbacks. The fact is that a significant part of the scientific reference apparatus was inherited by the TSGADA from those pre-revolutionary archives from which it was created. So, out of 5,5 thousand. Three-quarters of the inventories that form the basis of the archive's accounting and reference apparatus were compiled in pre-revolutionary times. Events and facts of public and state life are evaluated in them from class positions that are alien to us. The lack of a developed method of descriptive work in pre-revolutionary archives negatively affected the completeness of disclosure of the content of cases. Many headings were compiled according to the initiative document of the case without taking into account its entire content or indicating only the types of documents without their thematic disclosure (as, for example, in a number of inventory categories of the State Archive, etc.).

45 See " Central State Archive of Ancient Acts. Guidebook". Part 1. Moscow, 1946; part 2. Moscow, 1947.

46 See, for example, M. P. Pucillo. Index to cases and manuscripts related to Siberia and belonging to the Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Moscow, 1879; N. N. Bantysh-Kamensky. Edict. op.; I. A. Ardashev, A. A. Golombievsky. Prikaznye, zemstvo, customs, gubny, sudny huts of the Moscow state. Review of documents of the XVI-XVII centuries. Issue 1. Moscow, 1908; "Review of documentary materials of the Central State Archive of Ancient Acts on the history of Moscow from ancient times to the XIX century". Comp. by V. N. Shumilov, Moscow, 1949; "Description of documents about M. V. Lomonosov kept in TSGADA". Comp. by E. V. Alexandrov. "Lomonosov", Moscow, L. 1951; "Economic and property materials of the Vorontsov Foundation stored in the TSGADA". Compiled by V. Z. Jincharadze and F. A. Ostankovich, Moscow, 1951; " Review of documentary materials on the history of the USSR during the feudalism period of the XI-XVI centuries." Comp. by V. N. Shumilov, Moscow, 1954; "Materials on the history of the Russian Theater in the state Archives of the USSR". Review of documents of the XVII century-1917, Moscow, 1966.

47 "Description of the State Archive of Old cases". Compiled by P. Ivanov, Moscow, 1850; "A systematic catalog of the affairs of the State Board of Commerce". Compiled by N. Kaidanov, St. Petersburg, 1884; "Register of geographical atlases, maps, plans and theaters of war of the MGAMID Library", St. Petersburg, 1877; "Description of notebooks and papers of ancient palace orders". Comp. by A. Viktorov. Vol. 1-2. M. 1877-1883; "Inventory of the books of scribes, census, sentinel, list, payment and land survey, stored in the Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Justice" (under the name of the Local order). Description of documents and papers stored in MAMU. Book I. St. Petersburg, 1869; "Documents of the Discharge order". Ibid., books IX-XX. M. 1894-1921; "Review of columns and books of the Siberian Order of 1592-1768". Hh. 1-4. M. 1892-1895; "Notebooks and papers of old palace orders". Documents of the XVIII-XIX centuries of the former archive of the Armory Chamber. Comp. by A. Uspensky, Moscow, 1906; "Columns of the former archive of the Armory Chamber". Described by A. Uspensky. Vol. 1-3. M. 1912-1914; "Inventory of columns of the additional department of the Discharge order". M. 1950; "State drevlekhranilishche of charters and manuscripts". Inventory of documentary materials of the Fund No. 135; "Books of Moscow orders in the TSGADA funds". Inventory of 1495-1718, Moscow, 1972.

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The same can be said about other reference books prepared in the pre-revolutionary period. The guidebook does not fully meet its objectives: since its publication (more than 30 years ago), there have been changes in the composition of the TSGADA 48 funds, and many new funds have been put into scientific circulation or entered the archive after the publication of this reference manual. In addition, the publication itself has become a bibliographic rarity.

Continuing the work of their predecessors, the archive staff in the 60s-70s did a lot of work on describing undescribed materials, processing and improving old inventories. In the last decade alone, inventories of almost 100 thousand cases from the funds of the Senate of the XVIII century, the Verkhoturskaya, Belozerskaya and Yakut order huts of the XVII century, the collections of "Serf Books of local institutions of the XVI-XVIII centuries", "Customs books of local institutions of the XVIII century", "State and Private acts of local and patrimonial Archives" were introduced into scientific circulation. XVI-XIX centuries", additional inventory of the funds of orders of the Embassy and Little Russia, Grand Duchies of Smolensk and Lithuania, Ustyug, Galich and Novgorod quarters from the collection of "Orders of old years" and many others. Many years of work have been completed on the inventory of one of the largest collections of the archive - "Landrat books and revision tales of 1, 2, 3 revisions", as well as a description of more than 2 thousand scribal, census and refusal books of the Local Order that were not included in the published inventory of the MAMYU. Both inventories are expected to be published. At the same time, the vast majority of inventories have indexes, prefaces, and other internal reference tools. In the current five-year period, it is planned to complete the description of the two largest collections - F. F. Mazurin and the Manuscript Collection of the Central State Archive, continue to improve the inventory of the Senate, and rework some inventory categories of the State Archive.

The description of documents stored in the TSGADA is a complex scientific work that requires a perfect knowledge of paleography and is accompanied in some cases by the use of textual analysis, methods of source studies, historical chronology, diplomacy, sphragistics, and other auxiliary historical disciplines. This work is combined with the study of the complex history of foundation-forming institutions, forms of office work of the XVI-XVIII centuries, etc. That is why, although the archive employs a team of experienced specialists who know the methodology of scientific description of various types of documents, the creation and improvement of inventories and other reference books is a complex and lengthy process.

The researcher's search for certain materials of interest in the TSGADA is complicated by the presence of a large number of "hidden" funds, when documents of institutions, state and public figures are found in collections or in the funds of other institutions (sometimes it is difficult to even assume their presence there). For example, one of the largest collections - the Armory Chamber-includes documents of several dozen institutions of the XVII-XVIII centuries, many of which also form independent funds or are part of other collections .49 The index of stock inclusions to the inventory helps to determine the composition of institutions whose documents are included in the collection of the Armory Chamber. Similar indexes are available in the inventories of other funds. But how can we determine which archive collections contain inclusions of materials from a particular institution of interest to the researcher? And are the materials of this fundraiser even available in the archive? Inter-fund reference books come to the rescue, and attention is also paid to their compilation. A significant help in the search for "hidden" funds can be provided by the catalog of funds and fund inclusions of the archive compiled in the 60s-70s. The catalog is constantly updated in the course of work. In addition to the guidebook, the reprint of which is one of the most promising works of the archive, registers of software inventories have been compiled.

48 For example, the presence in the guidebook of information about the materials of the College of Foreign Affairs since 1720, transmitted in 1947-1952 to the AWPR, misleads many researchers.

49 This includes materials from the Preobrazhensky Order, the Cabinet of E. I. V. Sibirsky Order, the Order of Secret Affairs, the Moscow Town Hall, and the Embassy. Moscow Sudny, Aptekarsky, Zemsky, Razryadny, Pushkarsky, Malorossiysky, Petitioning orders, Orders of the Kazan Palace. Vladimir, Galich, Novgorod, Ustyug quarters, the Order of the new quarter, the Order of collecting five-day and request money, Serf, State, Order of detective affairs and a number of others.

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four archive repositories of TSGADA 50, which help the researcher quickly find the necessary inventory to the fund. In the future, it is planned to compile a consolidated annotated inventory register for the archive.

V. N. Tatishchev, M. M. Shcherbatov, N. M. Karamzin used the documents of the archive, and under the leadership of M. M. Shcherbatov in the 70s of the XVIII century, a description of the affairs of the Cabinet of Peter I was carried out, which until the end of the 18th century was published in the Central State Duma. recently used by researchers and archivists 51 . From 1805 to 1814, he studied the materials of MGAMID N. M. Karamzin while working on the "History of the Russian State". S. M. Solovyov wrote his multi-volume "History of Russia", which he worked on from 1850 to 1879, on the basis of documents of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, the State Archive, the Moscow Archive of Old Cases and other materials,which were collected from the archive for temporary use. stored in the CGADA. At MGAMID, Solovyov was given home-based cases with the permission of Chancellor A.M. Gorchakov, just as Karamzin had previously been. However, after Solovyov lost eight files in 1868 (according to reports, they fell out of the sledge during transportation), he worked only in the archive, where his desk has been preserved to this day .52 The archive materials were used in 1832-1836 by the first historian of the Peasant War under the leadership of E. I. Pugachev, A. S. Pushkin, when writing the "History of the Pugachev Revolt". On some documents, his marks 53 were preserved . In May 1879, Leo Tolstoy got acquainted with the documents of the Senate, the Detective and Preobrazhensky orders. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, N. G. Ustryalov, P. M. Stroev, N. F. Dubrovin, V. I. Semevsky, I. E. Zabelin, P. N. Milyukov, N. I. Kostomarov, S. A. Shumakov, A. S. Lappo - Danilevsky, V. O. Klyuchevsky, and I. A. Bychkov worked on the archive's documents, M. F. Vladimirsky-Budanov and other authors of works on Russian history of the X-XIX centuries. Documents stored in the TSGADA archives can be found in many pre-revolutionary archaeological publications .54
In tsarist Russia, access to archives was strictly limited and differentiated. Therefore, there could be no question of widespread scientific use of the documentary wealth stored in them. Thus, the State Archive could only work with the tsar's permission; it is not surprising that the documents of this archive were not only little used for scientific purposes, but some of them lay in sealed packages until the Great October Socialist Revolution. In 1842, only one researcher, Prof. Ustryalov 55 ; in subsequent years - from two to ten people a year. There were about the same number of researchers in MGAMID 56 , where they were allowed only with the permission of the Minister of Foreign Affairs; a little more - in MAMU.

50 At present, all archive funds are divided between four archives: 1) unique funds (which include the complexes of funds of the State Archive and MGAMID); 2) funds of central and regional institutions of the XVIII-XIX centuries. (complex of the MAMU (without local institutions) and the Land Survey archive); 3) local-patrimonial and palace funds (complex of the Palace Archive, Local order, Patrimonial board, personal, family, monastic funds); 4) funds of local institutions of the XVII - XVIII centuries. (from the complex of funds of the MAMU).

51 In the 60s, V. N. Shumilov reworked Shcherbatov's inventory into 70 books (out of 96) of the second Division of the Cabinet of Peter I. Currently, the description of cabinet affairs is being finalized (II ed.).

52 TSGADA, f. 180, op. 6, dd. 71, 97, etc.; A. I. Andreev. S. M. Solovyov's work on the "History of Russia". "Trudy" MGIAI, vol. 3, 1947.

53 See R. V. Ovchinnikov. Pushkin in the work on archival documents ("The History of Pugachev"), L. 1969.

34 "Historical acts collected and published by the Archeographic Commission". Vols. 1-5. SPB. 1841 -1842; "Additions to historical acts collected and published by the Archeographic Commission". Tt. 1-12. SPB. 1846-1872; " Acts of the Moscow state, issued by the imp. Academy of Sciences". Edited by N. A. Popov. Vols. 1-3. 1890-1901; S. Shumakov. Review of certificates issued by the College of Economics. Issue 1-4, Moscow, 1899-1917; "Acts relating to the legal life of ancient Russia". Edited by N. V. Kalachov. Vols. 1-3. SPB. 1857-1884, etc.

55 TSGADA, f. 31, d. 1202.

56 For example, the report of MGAMID for 1873 refers to eight researchers who worked on the materials of the archive (TSGADA, f. 180, op. 6, d. 97, ll. 11-12).

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It was only during the Soviet era, when archives were reorganized on a new, socialist basis and wide access to historical document repositories was opened, that their full use became possible. For example, the TSGADA reading room now employs an average of 45-50 researchers daily, and on some days - up to 80. No scientific work on the Russian history of the feudal period is created without using the documents of this archive. Such Soviet historians as E. V. Tarle, A.M. Pankratova, S. V. Bakhrushin, S. B. Veselovsky, B. D. Grekov, M. N. Tikhomirov, S. K. Bogoyavlensky, K. V. Bazilevich, A. A. Novoselsky, B. B. Kafengauz, N. V. Ustyugov, A. I. Yakovlev and others worked in its reading room. etc. The TSGAD documents were the source base for many monographs on the history of class struggle, foreign policy, socio-economic history, and the history of culture, science, and enlightenment in Russia57 . Every year, Soviet and foreign readers of the archive are provided with about 25 thousand cases and more than 7 thousand microfilm clips. The archive employs not only historians, but also philologists, art historians, architects, ethnographers, musicologists, writers, journalists, and local historians. Based on the archive's documents, dozens of doctoral and PhD theses have been written, hundreds of articles and monographs have been prepared, and many planned topics of research institutions have been developed.

During the years of Soviet archival construction, putting documentary materials in order, ensuring their safety, and improving the scientific reference apparatus opened up many previously inaccessible complexes of TSGADA documents for researchers. Thus, the use of the huge volume and the most valuable composition of sources of the fund of the Local Order became possible only after the work carried out in 1949-1952 in the archive on "unfolding" 5 million sheets of columns and putting them in files - folders 58 . The column cases contain a wide range of information on local and patrimonial land ownership, on the search for runaway peasants and serfs, numerous lawsuits about land, peasants, etc. In the Moscow fire of 1626, the cases of many orders burned down, after which the feudal lords sent ancient letters confirming their land and other rights to the Local order; similar acts were submitted there in the course of litigation. All of them were deposited in the archive of the order. Among his documents there are unique plans of the XVII century and seals. The fund of the Local Order contains no less unique sources on the history of the Peasant War under the leadership of I. I. Bolotnikov, lists of previously unknown sources of the XIV-XV centuries.59, other valuable finds were made. Scientists are waiting here, of course, new discoveries.

TSGADA is the main documentary base for publishing sources from the feudal era. The archive team, in collaboration with scientists and scientific institutions of the country, has prepared many volumes of scientific publications on the history of the class struggle in Russia and on socio - economic history, on relations between the peoples of the USSR and on Russia's friendly relations with foreign countries, with the development of the Soviet Union.-

57 See, for example, E. P. Podyapolskaya. The Bulavin Uprising. 1707-1709 Moscow, 1962; N. I. Pavlenko. Istoriya metallurgii v Rossii XVIII v. Istoriya metallurgii v Rossii XVIII v. M. 1962; V. I. Koretsky. Enslavement of the peasants and the class struggle in Russia in the second half of the XVI century. Formation of serfdom and the first Peasant War in Russia. Moscow, 1975; Ya. E. Vodarsky. Promyshlennye seleniya Tsentralnoi Rossii [Industrial villages of Central Russia], Moscow, 1972. Population of Russia for 400 years (XVI-early XX centuries). Moscow, 1973; "Russia during the reforms of Peter I". Moscow, 1973; S. O. Schmidt. Stanovlenie rossiiskogo samoderzhavstva [Formation of the Russian autocracy]. Moscow, 1973; Yu. A. Tikhonov. Landowner peasants in Russia. Feudal rent in the XVII-early XVIII centuries, Moscow, 1974; S. M. Troitsky. Russian absolutism and the nobility in the XVIII century. Moscow, 1974. "Peasant wars in Russia of the XVII-XVIII centuries: problems, searches, solutions", Moscow, 1974; V. F. Ivanov. Istoriko-etnograficheskoe izuchenie Yakutii XVII-XVIII vvakh [Historical and ethnographic study of Yakutia in the XVII-XVIII centuries]. Astrakhan Uprising of 1705-1706, Moscow, 1975; "The Nobility and serfdom of Russia in the XVI-XVIII centuries", Moscow, 1975; P. P. Bushev. History of embassies and diplomatic relations of the Russian and Iranian states in 1588-1612, Moscow, 1976, and many others.

58 Many of the columns before being deployed were narrow sheets of paper rolled up in scrolls, reaching several tens of meters in length. Therefore, their practical use was, with rare exceptions, impossible.

59 V. A. Koretsky. Newly discovered Novgorod and Pskov charters of the XIV-XV centuries. "Archeographic yearbook for 1967". Moscow, 1969; his. To the history of the uprising of I. I. Bolotnikov. "Historical Archive", 1956, N 2.

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which together provided a serious documentary base for researchers 60 . In the current five-year period, the archive, together with the Institute of Soviet History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, is preparing for publication materials of the investigation of Pugachev and his associates, as well as letters and papers of Peter I. TSGADA takes part in compiling (together with other archival institutions) collections of documents from the series "Foreign Policy of Russia in the XIX and early XX centuries", about Russian-Yugoslav relations, on the formation of Russian-American relations in the XVIII century. It is planned to publish some unique sources, such as "Boyar lists of the last quarter of the XVI-early XVII century and the painting of the Russian army in 1604", some bit and scribe books of the XVI-XVII centuries, as well as article lists from the collection of the Embassy Order.

One of the areas where TSGADA documents have been used especially widely in recent years for scientific and practical purposes is the restoration of historical and architectural monuments, the development of urban reconstruction plans. The sources stored in the archive give architects-restorers valuable material on the history of construction in Russia, help to recreate the original appearance of cultural monuments erected by remarkable architects of the past. The archive contains valuable information about the Moscow, Novgorod and Pskov Kremlins, ensembles of the Solovetsky, Kirillo-Belozersky, Novodevichy monasteries and St. Basil's Cathedral, the architecture of the "golden ring" of the ancient Russian cities of Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov the Great and Yaroslavl, the Tsaritsyn and other palaces and manors of the Moscow region, and many other monuments. history and culture 61 . Based on the boundary plans stored in the TSGADA, "protected" zones of many cities are being developed and parks are being restored. So the park in the village of Mikhailovsky was recreated in the form it was during the life of Alexander Pushkin, and Lermontov's "Tarkhans". According to the USSR Law "On the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments", this direction of using archive documents is particularly promising.

TSGADA not only provides documents to researchers, but also carries out scientific and informational work in order to promote unique documents, foster a sense of Soviet patriotism, respect and love for the glorious pages of the past of the peoples of our country. The archive provides assistance to local museums of local lore. Over the past five years, about 1,100 thematic requests were made from party and Soviet institutions, organizations, enterprises on the history of cities, villages, factories, factories, and other issues of national history, as well as more than 250 thematic requests from foreign scientific organizations and scientists. Scientific promotion of documents is carried out when organizing exhibitions, excursions to the archive of university students and teachers, researchers, journalists, and representatives of other professions. Exhibitions of documents dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Peasant War led by Razin and the 200th anniversary of the Peasant War led by Pugachev, to the 250th anniversary of the USSR Academy of Sciences, about architects D. V. Ukhtomsky and V. V. Rastrelli, about A. S. Pushkin and his entourage (to the 175th anniversary of his birth), about D. Kantemire (dedicated to the 300th anniversary of his birth), the 200th anniversary of the Bolshoi Theater of the USSR, organized by the archive in cooperation with the State Historical Museum of the USSR, the Moscow House of Scientists and other institutions. Unique documents

60 "Pugachevschina". Vols. 1-3. M.-L. 1926-1931; "Serf manufactory in Russia". In 5 parts. L. 1930-1943; "Collection of letters of the College of Economy". L. 1929; "Letters of Veliky Novgorod and Pskov". M.-L. 1949; "Materials on the history of the Bashkir ASSR". Tt. 1 - 5. 1949 - 1960; "Letters and papers of Peter the Great". Vols. 7-12. M. 1946-1975; "Acts of feudal land ownership and economy of the XIV-XVI centuries". Vols. 1-3. M. 1951 -1961; "Acts of socio-economic history of North-Eastern Russia". Vols. 1-3. M. 1952-1964; "The Peasant War under the leadership of Stepan Razin". Vols. 1-4. Moscow, 1954-1976; "Kabardino-Russian relations in the XVI-XVIII centuries", Moscow, 1957; "Russian-Swedish economic relations in the XVII century". Moscow-L. 1960; "Russian-Indian relations in the XVIII century". Moscow 1965; "Russian-Chinese relations in the XVII century". Tt. 1, 2. Moscow 1969, 1972; "Peasant war under the leadership of E. Pugachev in Chuvashia". Cheboksary. 1972; " Documents of the headquarters of E. I. Pugachev, insurgent authorities and institutions. 1773-1775". M. 1975, et al.

61 See, for example, G. V. Alferov. Kargopol i Kargopolye [Kargopol and Kargopolye], Moscow, 1973. Monument of Russian architecture in Kadashi, Moscow, 1974 (written mainly according to TSGADA documents).

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TSGADA was presented at exhibitions prepared jointly with the Main Archive of the USSR and other central archives of the USSR for the XIII International Congress of Historical Sciences and the VII International Congress of Archives. TSGAD documents were also exhibited abroad. In 1974, a historical and artistic exhibition dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USSR and France was successfully held in Paris and Moscow. It presented documents on Russian-French relations in the late XVI-XVIII centuries.

One of the main tasks of the TSGADA team is to preserve the most valuable documents, the" memory " of the people for future generations. This requires ensuring proper temperature and humidity conditions in the archive premises, scientifically based placement of documents, their restoration, preservation, dedusting, and microfilming. Time has left its mark on the state of physical security of archive documents. Every year, experienced specialists of the Laboratory of the Central State Administration of the USSR restore about 200 thousand sheets of old documents of the Central State Administration of the USSR. With a few exceptions, documents are enclosed in special boxes, folders, and cases that protect files, certificates, and books from harmful environmental influences. To protect unique documents from wear and possible damage, they are removed from photo-and micro-copies, which are issued to researchers instead of the originals.

The Central State Archive of Ancient Acts is one of the oldest in our country. Its team, continuing the best traditions of its predecessors, sees its task in further improving the methodology of scientific description and storage of documents, directions and forms of their use in the interests of developing Soviet historical science, promoting the achievements of the centuries-old culture of the peoples of our country, patriotic and international education of workers.

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