Libmonster ID: KG-1324

It was December 1925. In the snow-covered and frosty Moscow, in the majestic St. Andrew's Hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace, the XIV Congress of the CPSU(b) was working. Its delegates, the entire party and the Soviet people were celebrating the 20th anniversary of the first Russian Revolution. On the morning of December 24, the congress participants were informed that the film "Battleship Potemkin "will be shown for the first time at the Bolshoi Theater in the evening.

Leaders of the party and government, participants in former revolutionary battles, delegates to the congress, workers, Red Army soldiers and employees gathered in the theater hall. The lights went out, and a narrow beam of light illuminated the screen. The audience saw the undulating sea. A huge wave surged and broke into a myriad of drops. Against the background of the sea element, the majestic hull of the battleship with the muzzles of turret guns grew up. On its sides - large letters "PRINCE Potemkin TAVRICHESKY". On the upper deck there was a fierce battle between revolutionary sailors and monarchist officers. The officers who gave the order to shoot a group of recalcitrant sailors are thrown overboard. The banner of the revolution flew over the rebellious battleship, and a mighty sailor's "Ur-a-a!"rang out. The audience erupted in thunderous applause. Thus began the glorious path of the legendary movie.

Almost none of the audience knew that Nina Ferdinandovna Agadzhanova, the author of the screenplay "Battleship Potemkin", a member of the party since 1907, was sitting in one of the boxes in the hall. The new film was a major success of the young Soviet cinema, as well as the success of its creators-director S. M. Eisenstein and screenwriter N. F. Agadzhanova. Here are the words of Eisenstein from his "Autobiography": "There would be more screenwriters like Nune Agadzhanova, who, beyond all the necessary tricks of their craft, would be able to introduce their directors to the feeling of the historical and emotional whole of the era as deeply as she did... Agadzhanova did much more for me: she led me through the historical and revolutionary past to the revolutionary present. " 1

First steps into the revolution

On June 22, 1902, 13-year-old Nune first saw the three-funnel battleship "Prince Potemkin Tavrichesky" near Sevastopol - the pride of Russian shipbuilding. Then she saw him again, on the big roadstead. He stood in the solemn wake column on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of the Russian naval commander P. S. Nakhimov. Thousands of Sevastopol residents flooded the shores of Severnaya Bay. At noon, a parade of sailors was held in the city. In a clear formation under the banner, the company of Potemkin 2 also passed . It was from those days that Nune remembered this warship.

She was born in 1889 in Yekaterinodar. Her father, Ferdinand Aghajanyants, a merchant of the 2nd Guild, who in his youth was a member of the Armenian national liberation movement, fled from the persecution of the Turkish Bashi-Bazouks to Russia. Here it is

1 Eisenstein S. M. Sobr. soch. Vol. 1. Moscow, 1964, pp. 122-123, 314-315.

2 Melnikov R. M. Battleship "Potemkin", L. 1980, p. 108.

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Over the years, he became rich, founded a colonial grocery trade in Yekaterinodar, and became a shareholder of the Azov-Black Sea Shipping Company. But then grief and ruin came to the family. When Nune was five years old, her mother died, and two years later - her mother's younger sister, whom her father married. When Nune was 14 years old, her father also died unexpectedly. Her maternal uncle became her guardian. Nune's life changed dramatically 3 .

The formation of her personality took place at the turn of two centuries. In Russia, capitalism was rapidly developing, the factory proletariat was being formed, and its organization and political consciousness were growing. Ekaterinodar, one of the largest cities in the North Caucasus and a major transport hub for grain, flour, coffee and tobacco, was also not far from the progress highway. Among its 50,000-strong population, there were 16,000 workers and artisans with family members who worked at 180 enterprises. The city had revolutionary liberation and cultural traditions. In 1902, a social-democratic organization was formed there; in 1903, the Ekaterinodar City Committee and in 1904, the Kuban Regional Committee of the RSDLP; in May 1905, the First North Caucasus Conference of the RSDLP was held here. However, there were also quite a few conservative-monarchist elements in the city, primarily the top Kuban Cossacks .4
Nune studied at the 1st Girls ' Gymnasium in Yekaterinodar, especially successfully mastering the humanities. Even then, she showed an active interest in theories that explained the origins of social injustice. Years will pass, and Agadzhanova will remember: "Even in my high school years, I was attracted, drawn to the feat. I studied the biographies of great people-military leaders, thinkers, scientists, writers, and later-political and revolutionary figures. As a young high school student, I was particularly impressed by the exploits of women - Joan of Arc, the wives of the Decembrist revolutionaries, Sofia Perovskaya, and the self-immolation of Maria Vetrova in Petropavlovsk. She herself tried not to be afraid of anything, to stand up for the weak, did not tolerate lies and any injustice. I considered it an ideological and moral preparation for the feat. " 5
A young high school student enthusiastically welcomed the first Russian revolution. By that time, she was already familiar with Marxist literature, including the newspaper Iskra, and performed tasks for the local social democratic organization: she kept underground literature and distributed it to workers, soldiers,and students.

In June 1905. Ekaterinodar, like the whole of Russia, was shocked by the news of the uprising of the sailors on the battleship Potemkin. The rebel ship with the red pennant on the foremast, associated with the striking Odessa and Feodosia proletarians, remained "the undefeated territory of the revolution" 6 . Panic among the tsarist authorities was caused by the report that on June 23 the battleship moved from Feodosia to the ports of the Caucasian coast. There, "Potemkin" and a possible revolutionary landing from it were waiting for local Bolsheviks. Later, Nina Ferdinandovna recalled that in those June days the ship was expected with special impatience in Novorossiysk, from where it was hoped that this landing party would go to Ekaterinodar 7 .

Agadzhanova joined the Social Democratic youth organization in January 1905. Already in March, she scattered leaflets in her gymnasium

3 TsGAOR USSR, f. 1815, op. 1, d. 2, ll. 1-2 (autobiography of N. F. Agadzhanova).

4 Shcherbina, F. A. Istoriya Kubanskogo kazachego vozy [History of the Kuban Cossack Host]. 1913; K U tsepko Ya., Chuchmai, Krasnodar. [Krasnodar]. 1968; Essays on the history of the Krasnodar organization of the CPSU. Krasnodar. 1976, pp. 6-7, 13-14.

5 From recordings of conversations with N. F. Agadzhanova in the 1950s-1960s (in the authors ' archive).

6 Lenin V. I. PSS. Vol. 10, p. 337.

7 From a recording of conversations with N. F. Agadzhanova. This evidence is confirmed by the research of specialists: Melnikov R. M. UK. soch., pp. 180-181; Leiberov I. P. Tsebeldinskaya nakhodka. M. 1980, pp. 213-215; his. Tsebeldinskinthe search continues. - Soviet Abkhazia, 22. XII. 1981; Nikitin A. Night flight of the battleship. - Pravda, 14. IV. 1982; Lakoba S. Z. The legendary beginning of the century. - Soviet Abkhazia, 28. VII. 1982. In Romania, the battleship turned only from the traverse of New Athos and Sukhum (State Archive of the Crimean region, f. 26, op. 3, d. 427, ll. 36 ob. - 37; Caucasus, 28.VI, 22. VII. 1905).

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"To the young learners!" 8 . More and more often she appeared at workers 'meetings and in columns of demonstrators, took part in fights with the police, conducted revolutionary agitation, and together with like-minded people organized the revolutionary circle "Union of Free Propagandists". Its members purchased illegal pamphlets, magazines, leaflets and newspapers, packed them in bundles and sent them to Kuban villages and mountain villages. So Nune becomes a revolutionary 9 . Its activities gradually ceased to be a secret. Under the threat of expulsion from the gymnasium, in February 1907, she moved to Voronezh, where she lives in a family of impoverished relatives of her mother and studies in the 6th grade of the private Stepantsev girls ' gymnasium.

On the instructions of the Bolshevik Party

Agadzhanova lived in Voronezh for two years. In the spring of 1907, she was accepted into the local social-democratic group. It was dominated by the Bolsheviks. The group produced hectographed leaflets and a handwritten magazine "Pioneer", met once or twice a week for its meetings, discussed current affairs, and distributed tasks for week 10 . On the eve of May 1, 1907, the Bolshevik part of the group issued a leaflet. Agadzhanova took part in its distribution. "Comrades! it said. - The proletariat calls us to fight against slavery and oppression, calls us to celebrate the holiday of freedom together tomorrow. We have classes tomorrow, but we have told our superiors that the proletariat is calling us, and therefore we are quitting classes in order to once again emphasize our solidarity with the proletariat. " 11 In Voronezh, Nune received revolutionary training. At that time, however, the reaction was already on the offensive.

Voronezh was a typical provincial city. Its 100 enterprises employed up to 3,000 proletarians .12 Local Bolsheviks and revolutionary workers suffered greatly from the repressions. From December 1905 to May 1907, the authorities thrice smashed the city organization of the RSDLP, the number of people arrested in the province reached 20 thousand. The Voronezh organization of the RSDLP is almost depopulated. Its leaders, V. I. Nevsky ("Vladimir", a delegate to the Fourth Congress of the RSDLP from Voronezh), V. K. Slutskaya and P. N. Karavaev attract to the local committee the leaders of the Bolshevik group of students B. A. Vasiliev and M. I. Lyzlov13 . It was the Leninists Nevsky and Slutskaya who became Nune's party mentors.

In November 1907, when Nune was 18 years old, she was accepted into the Bolshevik Party. A high school girl who came from a merchant family required a certain amount of courage and civic integrity to join the vanguard of a class that had just been defeated in the revolution and was being repressed. Already on November 22, Nune took an active part in the city's political strike to protest the trial of social Democratic deputies of the Second State Duma .14 Soon the local Bolshevik organization was again hit by the police. In addition to Vasiliev and Lyzlov, Agadzhanova and P. M. Zatekin (all secondary school students) were co - opted to the Voronezh Committee of the RSDLP. A month later, Vasiliev, the committee's secretary, was arrested. The Voronezh Committee and a Bolshevik student group decided to organize a protest performance in educational institutions of the city. It passed amicably and organically-

8 From a recording of conversations with N. F. Agadzhanova. See also: The revolutionary movement in the Kuban in 1905-1907. and m-lov. Krasnodar. 1956, pp. 44-45.

9 TsGAOR USSR, f. 1815, op. 1, d. 2, ll. 2-3; d. 32, l. 1 (sketch of memories "Path to the screen").

10 Lyzlov M. I. Memoirs. In: 1905 in the Voronezh Province. Voronezh. 1926, pp. 76-77; from the recording of conversations with N. F. Agadzhanova.

11 Revolyutsionnoe dvizhenie v Voronezhskoi gubernii 1905 - 1907 [The Revolutionary Movement in the Voronezh Province of 1905-1907]. and m-lov. Voronezh. 1955, p. 374.

12 Ocherki istorii Voronezhskogo kraya [Essays on the History of the Voronezh Region]. 1961, p. 300, 376-377.

13 Ibid., p. 370; Essays on the history of the Voronezh Organization of the CPSU. Voronezh. 1979, pp. 58-65.

14 Essays on the history of the Voronezh Organization of the CPSU, pp. 65-66.

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the bottom 15 , especially in the Stepantsevskaya gymnasium. Agadzhanova actively participated in the preparation and conduct of the strike .16
In April 1908, Lyzlov, secretary of the Voronezh Party Committee after Vasiliev, was arrested, followed by the arrests of committee members E. A. Nikitina and K. N. Sametskaya. Agadzhanova became the secretary of the committee. It was as if the baton passed from hand to hand: if one of the soldiers of the revolution went out of action, he was replaced by another. The Committee reestablished contact with the Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Kharkov party organizations, and received instructions, literature, and money from there. 17 On May 1, 1908, Nune sent a letter to the Moscow organization: "Comrades, first of all, verify your address; secondly, do not write us letters to the trade unions, because in this way they can easily fail, especially since the addressee has also left; thirdly, send us the address of the Central Committee as soon as possible. It would be interesting to know at least the approximate order of the day (Moscow Party. - Author) of the conference " 18 .

The police make a sudden raid on Agadzhanova's apartment. Although nothing was found, her position became precarious. Only thanks to the favorable attitude of the liberal-minded headmistress of the gymnasium, Nune managed to graduate from the secondary school in 1909. Since September 1909. she studies at the Faculty of History and Philology of the Moscow Pedagogical Courses of the Society of educators and Teachers, attends classes carefully, is engaged in Marxist self-education, gets acquainted with Moscow museums and theaters, is fond of a novelty - cinematography, and after three months is included in the life of the Moscow organization of Bolsheviks .19
In November 1910, all progressive-minded people in Russia mourned the death of I. N. Tolstoy. The Bolshevik center set out to take advantage of the situation to organize mass demonstrations of workers and students under the slogan "Down with the death penalty!" 20 . The student Agadzhanova was one of the organizers of political rallies, gatherings and strikes in factories, institutes and gymnasiums. She and two fellow students were chosen to be part of a student-wide delegation that was entrusted with attending Tolstoy's funeral on November 9 . On November 14, a mass protest of workers and students took place on Tverskoy Boulevard in Moscow. One of the columns of female students was headed by Nune. She was carrying a piece of white cloth with the slogan "I can't keep quiet!"written on it in ink. (the words of Leo Tolstoy about the existence of the death penalty in Russia). On Kuznetsky Most, together with a group of other demonstrators, Nune was brutally beaten by mounted police, and then arrested. This was followed by a month-long detention in the Pyatnitsky police house 22 .

After being released, Agadzhanova joined the Initiative Group for the Restoration of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP, headed the organization of the Butyrsky Party district, and studied revolutionary skills with such Leninists as O. A. Varentsova, E. A. Dunaev (one of the organizers of the Ivanovo-Voznesensky City Council of Workers ' Deputies in 1905), G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, and A. F. Myasnikov (at that time, she was a student at Moscow University), established contacts with Paris, where the foreign Bolshevik center headed by V. I. Lenin was located, kept in touch with the Voronezh Bolshevik organization by encrypted correspondence, and helped friends in Voronezh 23 . In Nina Ferdinandovna, the Moscow Okhrana, which followed her, saw an experienced underground worker: "She was part of the Butyrsky district of the Moscow City organization of the RSDLP, and established business relations of a party nature with individual members of other districts in order to restore disorg-

15 From the recording of conversations with N. F. Agadzhanova; TsGAOR USSR, f. 1815, op. 1, d. 2, l. 2.

16 From a recording of conversations with N. F. Agadzhanova.

17 TsGAOR USSR, f. DP, OO, 1909, d. 5. ch. 11, ll. 7-11.

18 Ibid., l. 8.

19 From a recording of conversations with N. F. Agyadzhanova.

20 Krasny archiv, 1939, N 1 (92), p. 76.

21 TsGAOR USSR, f. 1815, op. 1, d. 26, ll. 13-23. (Memoirs of N. F. Agadzhanova, 1958, draft manuscript.)

22 TsGAOR USSR, f. 63, 1910, d. 1703, ll. 3-3 vol.

23 Ibid. f. DP, OO, 1910, 5. ch. 46, letter B, ll. 22, 47.

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It also served as a transmitter of party correspondence from people close to the top of the party, and the letters were addressed to Agad-zhanpka. " 24

On February 2, 1911, a new arrest of Agadzhanova followed. She was captured in 33 Dachny pereulok, sq. 3, where she came to the turnout, not knowing that it was failed. Searches and interrogations followed. But for three days, neither the okhrana nor the police were able to identify her . In the security department, an entry appeared: "During the detention and interrogations, she refused to give any information about her identity and place of residence. A personal search revealed nothing clearly criminal. " 25 During her years in the party, she had mastered the methods of conspiracy well: she held firm during interrogations and avoided answering questions .26 She was sent to Orel for three years "for belonging to the RSDLP". There she again joined the party work. Here are the lines from the police document: "Arriving in gor. Orel, she did not stop her illegal activities, but, having quickly become acquainted with the young students, quickly subordinated them to her influence and made every effort to draw them into party work. A convinced Bolshevik social Democrat,.. an example of selfless devotion to social-democratic ideas, the service of which she has set as the goal of her life. " 27
Agadzhanova stayed in Orel for four months. Once, from Moscow friends, she received a Tula painted gingerbread. Inside were a passport in the name of "Vilna philistine Maria Vladislavovna Mikulevich" and a note with a summons to Moscow. Agadzhanova received an urgent task from the MK of the RSDLP to go to Ivanovo-Voznesensk to restore the party organization there August to November 1911 she lived in this city, getting a job as a maid to the photographer MI Mishchenko, and participated in the restoration of the local Bolshevik organization.

Ivanovo-Voznesensk was a major textile center. More than 35,000 workers, mostly women, worked at 37 enterprises here. The wages were beggarly. The working day lasted in the day shift 12, in the night shift - 10 hours 29 . Ivanovo textile workers were traditionally distinguished by high organization and class hardening. Life and party work among them gave Agadzhanova a lot in terms of underground experience and human communication. It establishes a close relationship with one of the leaders of the city's Bolshevik party organization, G. E. Gnedin, transmits the center's instructions and literature to the restored organization, and checks the turnout. With her participation, a Bolshevik cell was organized at the Garelin textile factory, and she then conducted agitation there. Her desire was to enter this factory as a worker, master the profession of a weaver and merge with the proletarians in order to better know their life and thoughts .30
The materials of the Police Department preserved a letter from Agadzhanova to her friend from pedagogical courses and relative O. K. Oganezova in Moscow dated October 28, 1911: "Dear Comrade Olyushka! I'm sorry for my long silence. Send your letters by post on demand, for Maria Vladislavovna Mikulevich. If you manage to send me our literature, then send it to the following address: Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Peski, Skorynin's house, photo by M. Mishchenko, for Maria M. How are things going? Do your friends work? Is there a certain revival? Where are Alex and Dunaev? I don't have a lot of interesting things for you yet: I work, I serve, I'm gradually getting used to the conditions of a rather difficult life... if you only knew how much new life has opened up to me, how much dirt and dull anger!.. It will take a little more time, and then I will begin to describe. Let Alex send me a foreign address for sending correspondence or,

24 Ibid., f. 63, 1910, d. 1703, l. 77.

25 Ibid., op. 54, d. 1, l. 24.

26 Ibid., 1910, d. 1703, l. 7.

27 State Archive of the Vologda region (GAVO), f. 108, op. 1, 1912, 5394, l. 9.

28 TsGAOR USSR, f. 63, 1910, d. 1703, l. 77 vol.; f. 1815, op. 1, d. 2, ll. 3-4; d. 26 ll. 32, 36.

29 Pravda, 29. VI. 1912.

30 Essays on the history of the Ivanovo organization of the CPSU. Part 1. Ivanovo, 1963, pp. 283-289, 291; TsGAOR USSR, f. DP, OO, 1911, D. 5, part 13, ll. 7-7 vol.

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If he finds it best, I will send my letters abroad through him. Let us know how it will be more convenient. Send out one or two books on social science by cash on delivery, and attach at least one or two copies of literature to them as well... Don't say a word about me to my relatives, and don't tell them my real location. In general, even close friends do not tell the address to the photo, let them write on demand... I think I'll live in Ivanovo - Voznesensk for a long time, if I don't get slapped down by fate." 31
On December 7, 1911, Agadzhanova's third arrest, investigation, and trial followed. She was sentenced to a two-year exile in the Vologda Gubernia32 . "Mikulevich" was deciphered and given to the gendarmerie by provocateur A. S. Romanovich, who was specifically "put on the trail"by the Police Department. But Agadzhanova continued her revolutionary activities in exile. She served it in Veliky Ustyug together with Leninists P. A. Dzhaparidze ("Alyosha"), P. A. Zalutsky, E. I. Nikolaeva, K. I. Shutko, A. A. Andreev, E. A. Leontieva and others. The colony of political prisoners had its own headman, an audit commission, a mutual aid fund, a library, a canteen, and a friendly court. Political classes were held once a week. Underground literature came from St. Petersburg. Agadzhanova worked in the exiled self-government bodies, issued a leaflet and organized a strike of workers at the paper-spinning factory "Brothers Gribanov and Co." in the village. From May 1912 to February 1914, she was searched three times there, twice arrested and imprisoned in local prisons, and twice transferred to more northern areas of the province. 34
Secretary of the St. Petersburg Committee

She arrived in St. Petersburg in March 1914 as a highly experienced revolutionary conspirator. At the station Nina Ferdinandovna was met by a man. It was her friend, colleague and husband Shutko, with whom she joined her life in Vologda exile. A native of Yeisk, he became a Bolshevik in 1902, studied together with the famous Leninist Artem (F. A. Sergeev) at the Moscow Higher Technical School, and actively participated in the first Russian Revolution. In the summer of 1925, during the filming of the Battleship Potemkin, Eisenstein Jokingly told him that in his native Yeysk, the local Bolsheviks and workers were also waiting for the arrival of Potemkin in June 1905 .35 In July 1910, Kirill Ivanovich fulfilled a crucial task of the Moscow Party organization, visiting Lenin in Paris and restoring the interrupted communication .36 From January 1911 to February 1914, Shutko was in Vologda exile.

Nina and Kirill settled on the Petersburg side, on Ropshinskaya St., 30-a, sq. 11 37 . Their place of residence was chosen for a reason, because it was an almost ideal safe house. In the next few weeks, they placed their apartment at the disposal of the Bolshevik center, and it became a "mailbox" for the editorial board of the newspaper Pravda, the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP. The location of the apartment allowed you to quickly hide from police surveillance 38 . Soon their home address began to receive letters from the peripheral party organizations of Gomel,

31 TsGAOR USSR, f. DP, OO, 1911, 5, ch. 13, l. 4.

32 GAVO, f. 108, op. 1, 1912, d. 5394, l. 1.

33 He was exposed in 1917 and shot in 1918 by the Revolutionary Tribunal (see: History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, vol. 2, Moscow, 1966, pp. 356-357; Members of the Moscow Okhrana and its Secret Employees, Moscow, 1919, pp. 74-75).

34 Marxist-Leninists in Vologda exile (From the history of Vologda political exile, 1893-1914). Collected papers. and m-lov. Arkhangelsk, 1977. 7 - 8, 87, 97 - 98, TsGAOR USSR, f. DP, 7-e d-vo, 1912, d. 1625, ll. 1-34; GAVO, f. 108, op. 5, d. 99, ll. 61-63.

35 Kotenko E., Sugonyai V. Svyaznoy Moskvy [The Messenger of Moscow], Moscow, 1975, p. 188.

36 See Lenin V. I. PSS. Vol. 19, p. 200; vol. 55, p. 287-288; TsGAOR USSR, f, DP OO, 1910, 5. ch. 46, l. 65.

37 TsGAOR USSR, f. DP, 7-e d-vo, 1914, d. 1249, ll. 48-49.

38 The exact address and former topography of their apartment were identified by members of the student search group of the Leningrad Higher Trade Union School of Culture (V. Bandulya, Yu. Kalashnikov, I. Marganets, N. Pinkevich, G. Sayadyan).

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Minsk, Voronezh, Mogilev, Kiev, Yekaterinodar, Tiflis. This "mailbox" was active for almost four months.

While still in Vologda, Agadzhanova received St. Petersburg turnouts from M. I. Ulyanova, with whom she became closely acquainted, and in the capital she established contact with A. I. Elizarova-Ulyanova and, on the recommendation of the latter, was introduced to the editorial board of the women's Bolshevik magazine Rabochnitsa. A few days before the publication of No. 1 (February 23, 1914), the police arrested the main staff of the former editorial office. Therefore, Agadzhanova had to take on the duties of executive secretary, chief editor, and proofreader at once 39 . Every morning, in one of the rooms of Rabochnitsa (the editorial office was located at 6 Yamskaya Street, now 51 Dostoevsky Street), you could see a fragile, pretty woman with clear blue eyes and a shock of beautiful hair, modestly and elegantly dressed. It was Nina. She was now responsible to the party for the publication of the women's proletarian magazine.

There was a lot of work in the editorial office. Agadzhanova sorted through the current mail, sorted it into categories, spent a lot of time reading letters from female employees (most of the letters intended for publication had to be edited or rewritten again), had long conversations with female visitors about their lives and work, often traveled to enterprises, workers ' unions and clubs. Once or twice a week she went to the Luban station, 80 km from St. Petersburg, where members of the editorial board E. N. Samoilova and V. K. Slutskaya lived in exile. With them, she read and wrote the basic materials for the "Worker" 40 . Her authority among the St. Petersburg Bolsheviks grew from month to month. In June 1914, Agadzhanova was co-opted into the Vyborg district party committee. Together with the proletarians, it took part in the July barricade battles, skirmishes with the police and Cossacks, and spread Lenin's Pravda and Rabochnitsa among the workers. 41 On the third day after the outbreak of the First World War, Agadzhanova was arrested and imprisoned in the women's transit prison 42 . Two months of solitary confinement, interrogation, and bullying followed. In September 1914, she was released. The Petrograd organization of the Bolsheviks was then seriously weakened by police repression. 25-year-old Nina headed the Petrograd City Committee of the RSDLP43 . In addition to her, the PC included staunch Leninists E. N. Adamovich, A.V. Artyukhina, B. I. Ivanov, S. I. Kavtaradze, V. V. Kuibyshev, I. I. Fokin, K. I. Shutko, Sh. Z. Eliava. Of the nine members of the PC, six personally knew Lenin, met with him, and performed his tasks. This composition of the PC managed to partially restore the city and district party organizations, factory cells, connections with peripheral organizations, with Lenin and the Central Committee of the RSDLP abroad in the conditions of the deaf underground. From there, transports began to arrive again with the newspaper "Social-Democrat", where articles of the party leader were published. On the basis of Lenin's manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP "War and Russian Social Democracy", the PC launched anti-war propaganda among workers, students, and soldiers, organized the publication of the newspaper Proletarsky Golos and the magazine Voprosy Strakhovaniya, and a series of leaflets 44 . Lenin and N. K. Krupskaya gave a high assessment of the activities of the PC of that period.

After prison, Agadzhanova also went into an illegal position. She was given a passport in the name of "Irina Vasilyevna Vasilyeva, a peasant woman from the village of Kus, Tesovskaya Volost, Novgorod Province, and Uyezd." 45 Under this name, she worked as a secretary of the metropolitan party organization and at the same time as a machine operator at the Vulkan machine-building plant. At the same time, he and Kirill Ivanovich changed their apartment, moving to Vasilyevsky Island, 58/4 on the 3rd line, sq. 15 46 . Nina Ferdinand-

39 TsGAOR USSR, f. DP, 7-e d-vo, 1914, d. 1219, ll. 55-56; f. 1815, op. 1, d. 2, l. 4.

40 Agadzhanova N. Svyaznaya. In: Always with You, Moscow, 1964, p. 73.

41 From a recording of conversations with N. F. Agadzhanova.

42 TsGAOR USSR, f. DP, 7-e d-vo, 1914, d. 1249, l. 50.

43 Essays on the history of the Leningrad Organization of the CPSU, 1883-1917. Vol. 1. l. 1980, p. 382; TsGAOR USSR, f. 102, OO. 1915, d 343, ed. 3, l. 75.

44 Ibid., pp. 390-395; TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 102, OO, 1915, 5, ch. 46, l. 5, cont. 1, ll. 70-71 vol.

45 TsGAOR USSR, f. 111, Petrograd security department, op. 1, 1914, d. 523, l. 1.

46 Ibid., l. 11.

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dovna lost her footing, walking from Vasilyevsky Island to the Petrograd side, and from there to the Vyborg district or beyond the Narva outpost, chronically lacked sleep, and sometimes fell down from fatigue. Almost every day it was necessary to meet and exchange opinions with other members of the PC, instruct several party employees, personally check at least one turnout and those addresses where Lenin's letters and the Central Committee of the RSDLP and underground literature had recently been sent again. In addition to toge, it was necessary to work an 11-hour shift at the plant every day.

In January 1915, the Okhrana found her trail again. From January 19 to February 8, she was continuously monitored by five police supervisors. 10 filers and three cabmen. In the Petrograd security department, a case was opened "Social Democrats. No. 34, 1915. Observation of the"Khitra". Installation: Vasilyeva Irina Vasilyevna " 47. On January 19, the warden of the 2nd precinct of the Vasilyevskaya police unit received an order "to secretly collect information about the activities, lifestyle, financial situation, relations, behavior, and moral qualities of the "Cunning" I. V. Vasilyeva"; the filers were advised to act "extremely cautiously" 48 . Sensing 49's surveillance, Nina and Kirill took precautions. By agreement with Adamovich and Kuibyshev, Agadzhanova quit her job and went underground, once again changing her place of residence and moving to Ligovo, on 31/33 Dernovaya Street, 2nd wing. But two weeks later, the police also discovered that this was the residence of a 50-year-old Bolshevik family .

Agadzhanova's memoirs and archival materials allow us to trace her illegal routes of that time. In two weeks, she met with the Bolsheviks A. A. Ivanova (an employee of the Triangle factory, a student of the Lenin Party School in Longjumeau), N. I. Podvoisky and A. B. Karinyan (a hospital ticket office of the Putilov factory), S. Z. Eliava (a hospital ticket office of the Triangle factory), I. I. Fokin (a member of the PC, a draftsman Metal Plant), V. V. Kuibyshev (Geisler & K plant's health insurance fund), I. T. Smilga (Pskov str., 6, sq. 22), and others 51 .

The police were aware of her description: "An intellectual, about 28 years old, medium height, thin, dark brown hair, roundish face, straight nose, dressed in a black fur cap, black sak, black fur boa, black skirt" 52 . However, the okhrana missed the moment for the arrest. Having circumvented the filers around their finger, Nina and Kirill, by the decision of the PC, left for Moscow on February 2 53 . Here they were assigned to work on the restoration of the Moscow organization of the RSDLP. Shutko was released for 9 months, and his wife - for 13 months. For the first few weeks, they didn't register, wandering around their friends ' apartments. And in March, they registered at the address: proezd Yauzsky Boulevard, 11. Agadzhanova got a job as an accountant and typist in the Russian-English trading office "Dembi & Co." 54 . Shutko joined the leadership of the MK of the RSDLP, Nina helped him to renew lost party ties.

When she was found to have nervous fatigue, they left for two weeks in Yekaterinodar and Yeisk. In their homeland, they rested, gained new strength 55 . Modestly celebrated the anniversary of their family life. Then they continued the difficult work of restoring the Moscow Party Organization. Agadzhanova and Shutko worked hand in hand with S. V. Kosior, I. I. Skvortsov-Stepanov, P. G. Smidovich, G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, M. Ya.Latsis. Communication with Lenin and the party center in Petrograd was maintained through M. I. Ulyanov 56. On November 4, 1915, a failure occurred: during the meeting (at Blagusha, Fortunatovskaya str.,

47 Ibid., f. 111. op. I, 1915, 523.

48 Ibid., l. 1.

49 Ibid., ll. 3-5.

50 From the recording of conversations with N. F. Agadzhanova; TsGAOR USSR, f. 111, op. 1, 1915, d. 523, l. 11.

51 TsGAOR USSR, p. 111, op. 1, 1915, 523.

52 Ibid., l. 3 vol.

53 Ibid., l. 42.

54 Ibid., f. 63, op. 44, 1915, d. 5999, l. 6.

55 From a recording of conversations with N. F. Agadzhanova.

56 Leiberov I. P. On the emergence of the revolutionary situation in Russia during the First World War. - History of the USSR, N 6, p. 36, 39.

page 101

13), the entire staff of the RSDLP MK, created a week earlier and issued by the provocateur (N. I. Sokolov), was arrested. 57 Shutko was put in a separate cell of the Basmanny police house 58 . Now his wife is fully responsible for the restoration of the MK of the RSDLP. And in November 1915. Agadzhanova headed the Organizational Group for the reconstruction of MK 59 . She used her experience of working underground in St. Petersburg, acted clearly, disciplined, and demanded the same from her comrades. The results did not slow down to tell. By the spring of 1916, it was possible to organize an illegal printing house, issue a number of leaflets, establish links with the party cells of leading enterprises and universities, and finally form a new MK of the RSDLP60 .

The Moscow Okhrana was impressed by the efficiency of the work of the Organizing Group and its unknown leader, who acted under the nicknames "Comrade Irina"and " Nina". The gendarmerie and police were scrambling to find it. It was only in mid-January 1916 that the agents came out on her trail. The Oki called it "Butterfly" in their reports .61 Nina Ferdinandovna managed to evade surveillance for two more months. She changed her apartment, studied the system of passageways, alleys and streets, attics and basements in the surrounding houses. But on March 2, 1916, she was arrested along with a group of party workers. She was sentenced to a three-year exile in Siberia and in August of the same year was sent to the village of Manzurka, Verkholensky Uyezd, Irkutsk Governorate 62, where Kirill, who had been exiled earlier, lived.

For the power of the Soviets!

In September 1916, Agadzhanova, who was in exile, received a coded letter with instructions, money, and an indefinite passport book for No. 1695, issued on September 27, 1907, in the name of "Vereyskaya philistine Klavdia Sergeevna Dubrovskaya" 63 . In October, she escaped and returned to Petrograd. Cyril, who had run earlier, was already here. Nina entered the military factory "Novy Promet" on the Vyborg side as a machine operator. Cyril (party nickname "Demyan"), having grown a beard and moustache, worked underground as a professional revolutionary. In November 1916, they were co-opted into the Vyborg district Party committee, and in January 1917 they became members of PC 64 . Avoiding surveillance, they first registered on the Petrogradskaya side, at Bolshaya Ruzheynaya Street (now Mira Street), 19-b; then, to be closer to the center of the Vyborg side, they moved to pr. Segal Street (now Rayevsky St.), 5.

Agadzhanova and Shutko met the February Revolution in the capital. Nina took Novoprometov residents to the streets of the Vyborg side and to the city center, organized rallies and spoke at them, created combat workers ' squads, sanitary detachments of female workers, students and students, performed tasks of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee and the PC of the RSDLP, participated in the storming of the Kresty solitary prison 65 . She is elected to the Vyborg district and Petrograd City Councils of Workers 'and Soldiers' deputies. She was also entrusted by the proletarians of Vyborg to protect their interests in the Petrograd Metalworkers ' Trade Union, where she was the only woman on the board of 66 .

She always remembered Lenin's meeting at the Finland Railway Station in the late evening of April 3, 1917. As part of the delegation of the Vyborg district Committee of par-

57 was shot in 1918 by the verdict of the Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal.

58 TsGAOR USSR, f. 63, 1905, d. 277, l. 121.

59 Essays on the history of the Moscow Organization of the CPSU. Book 1. Moscow, 1979, p. 280, 337.

60 TsGAOR USSR, f. 63, 1910, d. 1703, ll. 78-78 ob.

61 Ibid., f. 63, op. 44, d. 6407, ll. 33-33 vol.

62 TsGAOR USSR, f. 63, 1910, d. 1703, ll. 77-78; f. 63, op. 54, d. 1, ll. 25-26 ob.; f. 63, 1916, d. 421.

63 Since 1963, this passport has been on display in the Leningrad Museum of the Great October Socialist Revolution.

64 Essays on the history of the Leningrad Organization of the CPSU, vol. 1, p. 444.

65 Leiberov I. P. Na shturm autoderzhaviya [On the assault of the autocracy], Moscow, 1979, p. 118, 134, 135, 147,. 149, 163, 164, 180, 196.

66 TsGAOR USSR, f. 1815, op. 1, d. 2, ll. 7-8.

page 102

tii, she and her comrades handed the party leader party card N 600. Later, Agadzhanova recalled: "Our program of action was the" April Theses " of V. I. Lenin. I listened to his speech on the "Theses "in the Tauride Palace, studied them from the text of Pravda, then carried Lenin's word to the masses. I had the good fortune to meet Lenin frequently, to talk with him as part of the delegations of the Vyborg workers in the Kshesinskaya mansion, in the premises of the Vyborg district party committee. These were the great revolutionary "universities" of Ilyich. " 67
At the end of May, Nina was a delegate to the 1st Petrograd Conference of factory committees, where she again listened to Lenin 68 . In the ranks of the Vyborg workers, she participated in the June and July political demonstrations against the Provisional Government. During the difficult July days, she represented the Vyborg district at the Second Petrograd Conference of the RSDLP (b). At the end of July, she participated in organizing the Red Guard protection of the premises where the VI Party Congress was held (37 B. Sampsonievsky Ave.), as well as its delegates .Ya. M. Sverdlov said at the first meeting of the congress: "Only thanks to the energy of the Vyborg red district was it possible to convene the congress here in Petrograd." 69
During the October armed Uprising, Agadzhanova and Shutko provided communications between the Vyborg district and Smolny, and together with detachments of Red Guards suppressed hotbeds of counter-revolution. And in the first months of Soviet power, Nina worked as a manager of the People's Commissariat of Labor 70, where she was sent by the decision of the presidium of the Petrograd Metalworkers ' Trade Union. In March 1918, Agadzhanova and Shutko, together with the central office of the Soviet government, moved from Petrograd to Moscow. Then in May, on the instructions of the party, under the guise of resort workers "Dubrovskaya" and "Demyanov" went to Novorossiysk to campaign among sailors, port workers and cement workers. If necessary, they were allowed to move to an illegal position, remaining in the White Guard rear. Agadzhanova was among those who campaigned for the implementation of Lenin's instructions not to surrender the Black Sea Fleet to the German interventionists. On the morning of June 18, she saw warships submerging in the Tsemesskaya Bay under the proud signal " I'm dying, but I don't give up!" 71 .

In August 1918, Denikin's men broke into Novorossiysk. Mass shootings of Communists, robberies, and violence began. Agadzhanova and Shutko went into an illegal situation. They lived on the seashore in the house of a dockworker named I. Blackened one. Nina worked as an accountant in the cooperative canteen "Soyuz", restored party cells in the port, at the Cement Factory and in cooperatives, took part in the organization of partisan detachments and their arming .72 In the autumn, Denikin's counterintelligence service became aware that the Bolshevik Shutko was working in the city. They began to hunt for him. Under the guise of a sales agent, he went to Odessa, from there to Moscow, and from the Novorossiysk Bolsheviks was a delegate to the VIII Congress of the RCP(b) in March 191973 .

Nina stayed in Novorossiysk. A local group of the RCP (b) established links with the Bolsheviks of Yekaterinodar, Rostov-on-Don, Kharkov, Baku, Tuapse, and Sukhumi. Comrades came from Baku disguised as merchants with samples of goods. Baku residents were interested in data on the work of the port and railway junction: which troops of the White Guards and interventionists arrived and left. Agadzhanova obtained this information through her friend, who worked as a typist in the White Guard "Dobrflot". Soon they were transferred to the Main Command of the Red Army. In May 1919. Agadzhanova took part in the transfer on a towboat.

67 From a recording of conversations with N. F. Agadzhanova.

68 Kotenko E., Sugonyai V. UK. soch., p. 143.

69 The Sixth Congress of the RSDLP (b). Protocols, Moscow, 1958, p. 8.

70 Iroshnikov M. P. Sozdanie sovetskogo tsentralnogo gosudarstvennogo apparata [Creation of the Soviet Central state apparatus]. l. 1967, p . 224.

71 From a recording of conversations with N. F. Agadzhanova.

72 Agadzhanava N. F. Battleship "Potemkin". In the book: Without them, we would not have won. Memoirs of women who participated in the October Revolution, Civil War and Socialist Construction, Moscow, 1975, pp. 55-56.

73 Kotenko E., Sugonyai V. UK. soch., p. 164.

page 103

shipment of weapons, ammunition and underground literature to Georgia on the Kuban steamer and on barges 74 .

Then Nina Ferdinandovna had to move to Rostov-on-Don. There she was co-opted into the Don Committee of the RCP (b), appointed party organizer of the Temernitsky railway district and worked underground until January 1920. When the 1st Cavalry Army liberated Rostov, Agadzhanova returned to Moscow with a report to the Central Committee of the RCP (b) about two years of underground work, then went to Smolensk, where the headquarters of the Western Front was located, and there met her husband, who worked as the head of the front-line political department. This was followed by a year of responsible work in the political departments of the armies of the Western Front, two years of diplomatic activity in bourgeois Czechoslovakia, over a year of work in the Comintern, and four years of diplomatic service in bourgeois Latvia. Agadzhanova was among the first Soviet diplomats of the Lenin school 75 .

Half a century in Soviet cinematography

Agadzhanova and Shutko left a significant mark not only in the history of the three Russian revolutions, but also in the development of Soviet cinematography .76 They came to the art of cinema when revolutionary principles were still being established in it. It was a new direction in Russian culture. The mass character and emotionality, artistic journalism and agitation, the variety and accessibility of aesthetic means of cinema have opened up great prospects in the communist education of people and exposing the essence of capitalism, in criticizing the vices of the past. The country was in dire need of a cadre of highly educated, intelligent people with a strong Marxist worldview and revolutionary training. Agadzhanova and Shutko directly met these requirements. People of great party-revolutionary and life experience and versatile culture, who speak foreign languages, know the theory and practice of theater and cinema 77, they gave their strength to the Soviet cinema art. Nina Ferdinandovna became one of the leading screenwriters (she also acted as a director), Kirill Ivanovich-one of the leading figures of cinematography 78 .

In February 1925, the first film based on Agadzhanova's script, "In the rear of the Whites", was released on Soviet screens. It was dedicated to the Novorossiysk Bolshevik underground during the Civil War. For Nina, this picture was partly autobiographical, because it was based on her personal observations and experiences related to work in Denikin's rear. The film, truthful and sincere, was enthusiastically received by the audience. The press noted: "In the rear of the Whites" - the first picture after the "Red Devils", in which the revolutionary content is in close internal contact with the processing, forming an indissoluble whole with it. Hence - great credibility, a lively connection of what is happening on the screen with the viewer and, of course ,a great success awaits her in workers 'clubs." 79
At the beginning of 1925, the jubilee commission of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the first Russian Revolution, headed by M. I. Kalinin, suggested that Agadzhanova write a screenplay about 1905. She went to work working hand in hand with Eisenstein. The script was completed in three months. But when filming began, it became clear to Agadzhanova and Eisenstein that everything was going to change.,

74 Essays on the history of the Krasnodar organization of the CPSU, pp. 198-206; From recorded conversations with N. F. Agadzhanova.

75 Agadzhanova N. F. UK. soch., p. 11-14; Kotenko E., Sugonyai V UK. soch., p. 164-179.

76 For more information, see: Gak A. Soldat revolyutsii. - The art of cinema. 1963, N 11; Battleship "Potemkin", Moscow, 1969.

77 Back in 1908-1913, Agadzhanova worked as a musical taper in the cinematographies of Yekaterinodar, Voronezh, Moscow and Vologda.

78 Chairman of the Board of Film Printing of Goskino of the USSR, Deputy Chairman of the Film Council under Glavpolitprosvet, film assistant in the Cultural Program of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), etc. He died in July 1941.

79 Kinogazeta, 24. II. 1925.

page 104

what is planned according to the script cannot be contained in one film. It was decided to dedicate the picture only to the uprising on the battleship Potemkin. Filming in Sevastopol and Odessa, and film editing in Moscow were fast. The talented and friendly team worked with great enthusiasm. On the evening of December 24, 1925, the movie "Battleship Potemkin" began its triumphal march across the screens of the world.

In total, during the 1920s and 1930s, Agadzhanova wrote 12 screenplays, based on which films were shot. Among them - "Otshepenka", "Sailor Ivan Galai", "Twenty-six commissars", "Blacksmith from Karabunar", "Deserter" and others. During the pre-war and war years, she worked at Soyuzdetfilm. Agadzhayova devoted many years to working with young screenwriters at the All-Union Institute of Cinematography. Agadzhanova and Shutko's apartment on Strastny Boulevard (13, sq. 3), and then on Sadovo-Triumfalnaya (17, sq. 6) was like one of the cultural centers of the capital. Here, in the evenings and on weekends, guests often gathered: figures of the party and revolution, the international communist movement, culture and art 80 . Nina Ferdinandovna had a sincere friendship with the directors and directors Eisenstein and G. V. Alexandrov, and the cameraman E. K. Tisset.

For her active participation in the revolutionary movement and her work in film art, she was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Red Banner of Labor and the Badge of Honor. Nina Ferdinandovna died on a December day in 1974, when she turned 85 years old. Shortly before her death, she wrote:: "We are walking on virgin land, on the first path... It can be hard, hard for us. But you look back, see how it was. Then look ahead and you'll understand a lot. Only in comparison, in the ability to see the past, present and future, can true human values be recognized. Sometimes we lower our heads, but this is only to see more clearly where we need to go, what is the next step, in order to go higher, higher, higher. " 81 Her life, struggle was a feat, and became a legend.

80 From a recording of conversations with N. F. Agadzhanova.

81 From the authors ' archive.

page 105


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